California State University, Monterey Bay (CSUMB) | November 1st, 2004
Summary
The Carmel Watershed is a terrestrial jewel in the California landscape. Its forested headwaters harvest rain from the Pacific storms each winter, providing a nat
The Carmel Watershed is a terrestrial jewel in the California landscape. Its forested headwaters harvest rain from the Pacific storms each winter, providing a natural cascade of resources enjoyed by human residents and the broader ecosystem. Although the Carmel River is not currently listed as “impaired” by the State of California, there have been significant human impacts that could lead to impaired waters. These impacts are now recognized and defined in this report so that remediation and future management policies can be developed.
This report is one facet of the Carmel Watershed Assessment orchestrated by the Carmel River Watershed Conservancy. We assess the physical and hydrologic components of the watershed, chiefly focusing on two major classes of problems, water quantity and excess sediment. Both of these issues are important when considering human needs and the needs of the broader ecosystem, including endangered aquatic and riparian species.
The Carmel Watershed has finite annual rainfall as its only water resource. That resource is currently stretched too thin, leaving new urban, suburban, rural, and industrial development in and around the watershed at odds with pre-existing water appropriation and environmental requirements (e.g., SWRCB, 1995a; 1995b). Certain kinds of common land-uses and road designs supply excess sediment above natural background rates. Some of the major problems in the watershed are summarized below, in no particular order.
Demand for water far exceeds water supply, leading to many related subordinate problems, including diminished surface water for endangered steelhead trout.
Extensive urbanization exists within the regulatory 100-year floodplain and in the dam-failure inundation zone.
Excess sediment is generated from a very large number of dirt roads, some of which are abandoned, some of which out of compliance with grading ordinances, but most of which are clearly within regulations.
Nearly all sub-road drainage culverts are undersized, leading to downstream erosion, whether related to dirt roads, paved roads, or highways.
Excess sediment is generated by a great number of bare road cuts on dirt roads, paved roads, and highways.
Excess sediment is generated in the Los Chupines and Sycamore Creek drainages by soil slip, gullies, unstable stream banks, and roads. Many of those issues are related to cattle impacts.
Excess sediment is generated in a great number of incised streams that have tall, exposed banks.
San Clemente Dam is unsafe owing to sediment burden and proximity to active faults.
Decommissioning the San Clemente Dam will likely lead to a significant shift in river morphology and flood response, owing to the restoration of historic bedload transport rates.
Los Padres Dam is rapidly infilling with sediment and is also close to active faults.
Watershed impairment is the result of incremental, permitted, changes that have a large cumulative impact on the watershed.
Closer adherence to the Carmel Valley Master Plan (CVMP, 1996; Appendix C) and County ordinances will foster resource sustainability and aesthetic living conditions. Among the salient points in that document are the following guidelines for development (CVMP, 1996).
1. Preserve the rural character of the Carmel Valley
2. Protect all natural resources with emphasis on biological communities, agricultural lands, the Carmel River and its Riparian corridor, air quality and scenic resources.
We note that the large-scale negative impacts we describe in the Carmel Watershed mainly resulted from the cumulative effects of small, insignificant, permitted landscape or hydrologic alterations (e.g., Dunne et al., 2001). With that in mind, guidelines for sustainable resource use could begin with an agreed upon ultimate level of resource use, depletion, or degradation, beyond which, no further landscape or hydrologic alterations will be permitted. Using water supply as an example, the best strategy for sustainability is to determine the total cumulative resource usage, and then stop permitting further requests for resource use when the agreed upon cumulative impact is met—the concept of water rights appropriation. This same “cumulative impact” management strategy could be applied to other cumulative watershed impacts, such as total miles of dirt road per square mile of watershed area, or total area of impervious cover per square mile of watershed area. These strategies can be applied once a cumulative impact target has been established upon sound science, and codified by stakeholder agreement. Considering that the cumulative negative impacts in the watershed are the net result of innumerable, insignificant modifications, we can predict that innumerable, small positive restorative efforts in the watershed would eventually produce large positive impacts on watershed health including water quality and quantity.