Exposure history determines pteropod vulnerability to ocean acidification along the US West Coast

Nature Portfolio (Springer Nature) | July 3rd, 2017

The pteropod Limacina helicina frequently experiences seasonal exposure to corrosive conditions (Ωar  < 1) along the US West Coast and is recognized as

The pteropod Limacina helicina frequently experiences seasonal exposure to corrosive conditions (Ωar  < 1) along the US West Coast and is recognized as one of the species most susceptible to ocean acidification (OA). Yet, little is known about their capacity to acclimatize to such conditions. We collected pteropods in the California Current Ecosystem (CCE) that differed in the severity of exposure to Ωar conditions in the natural environment. Combining field observations, high-CO2 perturbation experiment results, and retrospective ocean transport simulations, we investigated biological responses based on histories of magnitude and duration of exposure to Ωar < 1. Our results suggest that both exposure magnitude and duration affect pteropod responses in the natural environment. However, observed declines in calcification performance and survival probability under high CO2 experimental conditions do not show acclimatization capacity or physiological tolerance related to history of exposure to corrosive conditions. Pteropods from the coastal CCE appear to be at or near the limit of their physiological capacity, and consequently, are already at extinction risk under projected acceleration of OA over the next 30 years. Our results demonstrate that Ωar exposure history largely determines pteropod response to experimental conditions and is essential to the interpretation of biological observations and experimental results.

Extreme and compound events in lakes

Nature Portfolio (Springer Nature) | August 19th, 2025

Key points Lake heatwaves have increased in average intensity, average duration and total duration globally, at rates of 0.15 ± 0.3 °C per decade, 2.1 

Key points Lake heatwaves have increased in average intensity, average duration and total duration globally, at rates of 0.15 ± 0.3 °C per decade, 2.1 ± 3.1 days per decade and 8.8 ± 7.6 days per decade, respectively, since the 1980s. The probability of lake heatwave events is three times more likely in a 1.5 °C warming scenario and 25 times more likely in a 3.5 °C scenario compared with pre-industrial conditions. Half of the world’s largest lakes experienced declines in water storage between 1992 and 2020, accompanied by corresponding reductions in surface extent. Extreme events in lakes can cause considerable impacts, including the onset of hypoxia, harmful algal blooms, disruption of food webs and loss of ecosystem services. Basin-scale anthropogenic stressors, such as nutrient enrichment, land-use change and water withdrawal, interact with climate extremes to increase the frequency, intensity and ecological consequences of in-lake extremes.

Extreme and persistent drought in California and Patagonia during medieval time

Nature Portfolio (Springer Nature) | June 16th, 1994

STUDIES from sites around the world1–5 have provided evidence for anomalous climate conditions persisting for several hundred years before about AD 1300. Early workers

STUDIES from sites around the world1–5 have provided evidence for anomalous climate conditions persisting for several hundred years before about AD 1300. Early workers emphasized the temperature increase that marked this period in the British Isles, coining the terms 'Mediaeval Warm Epoch' and 'Little Climatic Optimum', but many sites seem to have experienced equally important hydrological changes. Here I present a study of relict tree stumps rooted in present-day lakes, marshes and streams, which suggests that California's Sierra Nevada experienced extremely severe drought conditions for more than two centuries before ad ∼ 1112 and for more than 140 years before ad ∼ 1350. During these periods, runoff from the Sierra was significantly lower than during any of the persistent droughts that have occurred in the region over the past 140 years. I also present similar evidence from Patagonia of drought conditions coinciding with at least the first of these dry periods in California. I suggest that the droughts may have been caused by reorientation of the mid-latitude storm tracks, owing to a general contraction of the circumpolar vortices and/or a change in the position of the vortex waves. If this reorientation was caused by mediaeval warming, future natural or anthropogenically induced warming may cause a recurrence of the extreme drought conditions.

Extreme hydrological changes in the southwestern US drive reductions in water supply to Southern California by mid century

Environmental Research Letters (IOP) | September 21st, 2016

The Southwestern United States has a greater vulnerability to climate change impacts on water security due to a reliance on snowmelt driven imported water. The State of C

The Southwestern United States has a greater vulnerability to climate change impacts on water security due to a reliance on snowmelt driven imported water. The State of California, which is the most populous and agriculturally productive in the United States, depends on an extensive arti cial water storage and conveyance system primarily for irrigated agriculture, municipal and industrial supply and hydropower generation. Here we take an integrative high-resolution ensemble modeling approach to examine near term climate change impacts on all imported and local sources of water supply to Southern California. While annual precipitation is projected to remain the same or slightly increase, rising temperatures result in a shift towards more rainfall, reduced cold season snowpack and earlier snowmelt. Associated with these hydrological changes are substantial increases in the frequency and the intensity of both drier conditions and ooding events. The 50 year extreme daily maximum precipitation and runoff events are 1.5–6 times more likely to occur depending on the water supply basin. Simultaneously, a clear de cit in total annual runoff over mountainous snow generating regions like the Sierra Nevada is projected. On one hand, the greater probability of drought decreases imported water supply availability. On the other hand, earlier snowmelt and signicantly stronger winter precipitation events pose increased flood risk requiring water releases from control reservoirs, which may potentially decrease water availability outside of the wet season. Lack of timely local water resource expansion coupled with projected climate changes and population increases may leave the area in extended periods of shortages.

Extreme Precipitation-Temperature Scaling in California: The Role of Atmospheric Rivers

American Geophysical Union (AGU) | July 25th, 2023

Facing the Climate Gap: How Environmental Justice Communities are Leading the Way to a More Sustainable and Equitable California

University of Southern California (USC) | October 31st, 2012

California has traditionally led the nation in protecting and preserving the environment – and we have proudly continued the trend with the 2006 passage and ong

California has traditionally led the nation in protecting and preserving the environment – and we have proudly continued the trend with the 2006 passage and ongoing implementation of the California Global Warming Solutions Act (AB 32). Aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) and slowing climate change, AB 32 came under political attack in 2010 when an initiative, funded largely by oil refiners, sought to delay application of the legislation’s rules. Fortunately, voters soundly rejected that effort, but many observers have worried that California’s concerns about climate could wane, particularly since the actual impacts of climate change can seem abstract and far-off. Against this backdrop, a wide range of community-based organizations have been working to “make it real” by connecting the dots between global warming and human impacts, and by helping residents adapt now and not later. In what might be a surprise to some observers, many of these organizations are working with low-income communities of color – those often stereotyped as the least concerned about climate change.

Factors and Processes Affecting Delta Levee System Vulnerability

University of California, Davis (UC Davis) | December 1st, 2016

The authors appraised factors and processes related to human activities and high water, subsidence, and seismicity. Farming and drainage of peat soils over time has cause

The authors appraised factors and processes related to human activities and high water, subsidence, and seismicity. Farming and drainage of peat soils over time has caused a gradual sinking which contributed to internal levee failures. Although these subsidence rates have decreased with time, they still contribute to levee instability. Additional data is needed to assess spatial and temporal effects of subsidence caused by peat thinning and deformation. Since the mid-1970s large-scale, State investments in levee upgrades have increased conformance, however accounts continue to conflict on how these investments correspond to the numbers of failures. Both modeling and history suggest that the projected increases of high-flow frequency associated with climate change will increase levee-failures rates. Quantification of this increased threat requires further research. A reappraisal of seismic threats resulted in updated ground motion estimates for multiple faults and earthquake occurrence frequencies. The immediate seismic threat, liquefaction, is the sudden loss of strength due to an increase in the pressure of the pore fluid and corresponding loss of contact forces. However, levees damaged during an earthquake that do not immediately fail, may eventually breach. Consequences for future levee failure are estimated to cost up to billions of dollars. The analysis of future risks will benefit from more detailed descriptions of levee strength and upgrades, consideration of subsidence, climate change, and earthquake threats. Ecosystem benefits of levee habitats in this highly altered system are thin. Better recognition and coordination is needed among the creation of high value habitats, levee needs, costs, benefits of levee improvements, and breaches.  

Fallowed agricultural lands dominate anthropogenic dust sources in California

Nature Portfolio (Springer Nature) | April 26th, 2025

Feather River Hydrologic Observatory: Improving Hydrological Snowpack Forecasting for Hydropower Generation Using Intelligent Information Systems

California Energy Commission (CEC) | August 31st, 2018

Changing climatic conditions and a lack of representative snow cover data challenge the ability to accurately model and fully utilize the water resources of montane snowp

Changing climatic conditions and a lack of representative snow cover data challenge the ability to accurately model and fully utilize the water resources of montane snowpack on which California depends. This project aims to improve scientific understanding of snowpack modeling and streamflow forecasting techniques. Though relevant across industries and the state, this research focuses on hydropower applications in the North Fork of the Feather River. Central components of the project are four wireless sensor networks, installed in locations that are representative of vegetation and topography patterns across the basin. The networks collect snow, temperature, relative humidity, soil moisture, and soil temperature data every 15 minutes. By blending this information with remote sensing data and historical maps, we estimate the spatial distribution of snow water resources at high resolution. These outputs can help improve runoff forecasting tools such as the Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS). Preliminary results show that wireless sensor networks can successfully track hydrologic states and fluxes in real time and provide a more representative picture of snowpack accumulation and melt than traditional index stations. Network data are also used to gain insight into rain-on-snow events, which are a key streamflow generation mechanism for the Feather River. The data show that the current calibration of PRMS on the Feather River could overestimate snowfall and underestimate liquid precipitation. Future steps include a sensitivity analysis of PRMS to identify its dominant parameters and conceptual limitations, as well as a full, dynamic recalibration of the model. Blended maps of snow water equivalent will also be assimilated into the model. These results will be included in the decision-support suite for PG&E, California’s largest electric and natural gas utility, and an analysis will be performed to assess results’ economic value for stakeholders in the energy and water-supply sectors. 

Fifth National Climate Assessment

U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) | November 14th, 2023

Led by USGCRP and its 14 member agencies, NCA5 draws on the expertise of nearly 500 authors and 250 contributors from every state, as well as Guam, Puerto Rico, and the U

Led by USGCRP and its 14 member agencies, NCA5 draws on the expertise of nearly 500 authors and 250 contributors from every state, as well as Guam, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. NCA5 is the most up-to-date and comprehensive assessment of climate change in the United States, providing authoritative, decision-relevant information on how people across the country are experiencing climate change, the risks we face now and in the future, and actions underway to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and build resilience. The Assessment evaluates climate impacts across 10 U.S. regions and a wide range of interests, including water, forests and ecosystems, coasts and oceans, agriculture and rural communities, the built environment, energy and transportation, health and air quality, and economic and social systems. *This document, which was deleted from the federal websites that funded it by Trump administration political appointees,  is made available through the Internet Archive