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Underwater Videographic Observations of Domesticated Delta Smelt in Field Enclosures

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) | May 24th, 2022

Summary

The delta smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus) is a small, euryhaline fish species endemic to the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta; it is protected under the U.S. and Californi

The delta smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus) is a small, euryhaline fish species endemic to the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta; it is protected under the U.S. and California Endangered Species Acts, and because of declines in population abundance, the delta smelt may be vulnerable to extinction. The California Department of Water Resources (DWR) is conducting studies to test the viability of using domesticated fish to supplement the wild population of delta smelt. These studies have focused on examining the health and survival of domesticated delta smelt placed inside enclosures (circular cages that are approximately 1.5 meters tall by 1 meter in diameter) into the wild. We completed two parts within this study using underwater cameras inside the enclosures to observe fish behavior and their responses to certain stimuli. In both parts of the study, delta smelt behaviors were broadly categorized into two basic categories: (1) normal and (2) alarm. Normal behavior was characterized as calm, non-polarized, and docile swimming behavior. Alarm behavior was characterized by sudden and rapid darting, polarized frantic swimming activity, and tighter schooling polarization of individuals. The first part of the study took place in a semi-controlled agricultural pond on the campus of the University of California, Davis. At this agricultural pond, we developed methods of observation and documented how fish behaved in response to enclosure disturbances associated with routine cleaning and service that is required during extended field deployments of the enclosures. We observed that delta smelt behavior changed from normal to alarm at the onset of an enclosure service and from alarm to normal within about 2 minutes after the service ended. The second part of the study was completed in cooperation with the DWR. In October 2019, DWR deployed three enclosures in the Sacramento River near Rio Vista, California. To monitor survival rate of delta smelt, DWR permitted us to deploy cameras in one enclosure to document the frequency and duration of alarm behaviors exhibited by delta smelt and the frequency, duration, and intensity of three types of disturbances: (1) noise generated from passing boats, (2) noise generated from the enclosure moving in response to wave energy, and (3) vertical movements of the enclosure generated from wave energy. Alarm behaviors averaged about 2 minutes in duration and occurred most frequently during the evening compared to midday or morning. Each disturbance variable exhibited substantial variability in duration and intensity and occurred least frequently during the morning and evening compared to midday. Alarm behaviors appeared to be most associated with high intensity enclosure noises and vertical movements; however, limited replicate samples prohibited developing a statistical relation. Alarm behaviors did not directly contribute to injury or mortality of individual delta smelt; however, indirect or sublethal effects of alarm behaviors were not examined.

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Using the Distinct Population Segment concept to protect fishes with low levels of genomic differentiation: conservation of an endemic minnow (Hitch, Lavinia exilicauda)

American Fisheries Society (AFS) | December 23rd, 2018

Summary

In the United States, the Endangered Species Act (ESA) of 1973 was enacted to conserve species that are endangered or threatened throughout all or a portion of their rang

In the United States, the Endangered Species Act (ESA) of 1973 was enacted to conserve species that are endangered or threatened throughout all or a portion of their range. The definition of “species” includes subspecies and distinct population segments (DPSs). Among freshwater fishes, the use of DPS designations has largely been restricted to salmonids, although the DPS concept is increasingly applied to other fishes as well. As more taxa approach threatened status, the difficult question becomes what to do when genetic evidence does not strongly support formal taxonomic designations (full species or subspecies). We examine the potential application of the DPS concept to protect fishes by using the example of the Hitch Lavinia exilicauda, a cyprinid fish that is endemic to California. The Hitch is divided into three formally described, geographically separate subspecies (the Sacramento, Monterey, and Clear Lake Hitches). However, genomic studies (i.e., restriction site‐associated DNA sequencing), presented here with three independent analyses using a large data set, only weakly supported subspecies designations. Results suggested population structure but not subspecies structure. Nevertheless, conventional taxonomic methods, strong contemporary isolation, the importance of protecting genetic diversity, and high cultural value still qualify all three designated subspecies for DPS status and demonstrate how taxa such as the Clear Lake Hitch can warrant protection under the ESA.

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Viability assessment for Pacific salmon and steelhead listed under the Endangered Species Act

National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) | July 25th, 2016

Summary

The Endangered Species Act (ESA) requires that the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) review the status of listed species under its authority at least every five ye

The Endangered Species Act (ESA) requires that the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) review the status of listed species under its authority at least every five years and determine whether any species should be removed from the list or have its listing status changed. Assessments of the viability of ESA-listed Pacific salmonids were conducted by the Southwest Fisheries Science Center and the Northwest Fisheries Science Center. The information from these assessments is incorporated into the West Coast Region’s status review, and the NMFS West Coast Region will make final determinations about any proposed changes in listing status, taking into account not only biological information (viability assessments) but also threats to the species and ongoing or planned protective efforts. This report from the Southwest Fisheries Science Center covers 10 ESA-listed Evolutionarily Significant Units (ESUs) and Distinct Population Segments (DPSs) that lie wholly or partially in California. In this review, we consider 1) new information relevant to the delineation of ESU/DPS boundaries, and 2) new information on status and trends in abundance, productivity, spatial structure and diversity specifically addressed by viability criteria previously developed by Technical Recovery Teams (TRTs). These viability assessments summarize current information (through the 2014–2015 spawning year where available) with respect to the viability criteria developed by the TRTs. Consequently, the current assessments consider not only changes in populations that have occurred since the 2010 assessments but also the status of populations and ESUs/DPSs in relation to the viability criteria developed by the TRTs. For eight of the ESUs/DPSs (Southern Oregon/Northern California Coho Salmon, Central California Coast Coho Salmon, California Coastal Chinook Salmon, Northern California Steelhead, Central California Coast Steelhead, South-central California Steelhead, Southern California Steelhead, and California Central Valley Steelhead) the new information suggests that there has been no change in extinction risk since 2010 viability assessments. For two ESUs (Central Valley Spring-run Chinook Salmon, and Sacramento River Winter-run Chinook Salmon) the new information suggests a change in extinction risk. The viability of Central Valley Spring-run Chinook salmon appears to have improved since the 2010 assessment, but this ESU is far from being viable and is still facing relatively high extinction risk. The viability of Sacramento River Winter-run Chinook Salmon has been reduced and the ESU faces greater extinction risk since the 2010 assessment.

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Water storage decisions will determine the distribution and persistence of imperiled river fishes

Ecological Society of America (Wiley) | December 17th, 2020

Summary

Managing the world’s freshwater supply to meet societal and environmental needs in a changing climate is one of the biggest challenges for the 21st century. Dams provid

Managing the world’s freshwater supply to meet societal and environmental needs in a changing climate is one of the biggest challenges for the 21st century. Dams provide water security; however, the allocation of dwindling water supply among reservoirs could exacerbate or ameliorate the effects of climate change on aquatic communities. Here, we show that the relative sensitivity of river thermal regimes to direct impacts of climate change and societal decisions concerning water storage vary substantially throughout a river basin. In the absence of interspecific interactions, future Colorado River temperatures would appear to benefit both endemic and nonnative fish species. However, endemic species are already declining or extirpated in locations where their ranges overlap with warmwater nonnatives and changes in water storage may lead to warming in some of the coolest portions of the river basin, facilitating further nonnative expansion. Integrating environmental considerations into ongoing water storage negotiations may lead to better resource outcomes than mitigating nonnative species impacts after the fact.

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Water-Resources Data for the Devils Hole Area, Nye County, Nevada, July 1978 - September 1988

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) | July 1st, 1993

Summary

Data on water levels, spring discharge, and consumption of electric power by irrigation pumps collected at Devils Hole and vicinity from July 1978 through September 1988

Data on water levels, spring discharge, and consumption of electric power by irrigation pumps collected at Devils Hole and vicinity from July 1978 through September 1988 are reported herein. These data were collected to document the effects of irrigation pumping on the pool level at Devils Hole and the recovery following cessation of irrigation pumping in August 1982. The pool contains the endangered species of pupfish, Cyprinodon diabolis. Data on fluctuations in water level and springflow are presented in graphic form. Data on consumption of electric power by pumps in irrigation wells, useful as an index of the pumpage, are presented in tabular form.

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Where the Wild Things Aren't: Making the Delta a Better Place for Native Species

Public Policy Institute of California (PPIC) | April 5th, 2012

Summary

This report proposes a reconciliation approach for addressing 160 years of accumulated problems and for managing the Delta’s ecosystem in the future. Reconciliation eco

This report proposes a reconciliation approach for addressing 160 years of accumulated problems and for managing the Delta’s ecosystem in the future. Reconciliation ecology seeks to improve conditions for native species while recognizing that most ecosystems have been altered irrevocably by human use and will continue to be used to support human goals. Improving ecosystem conditions for native species must, therefore, happen in a context of continuing use of land and water by humans and continuing physical and biological change.

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Winnemem Wintu Salmon Restoration Plan for the McCloud River

Winnemem Wintu | February 1st, 2016

Summary

The National Marine Fisheries Service 2009 Biological Opinion for salmon specifically calls out for volition passage alternatives to be investigated and considered. [The

The National Marine Fisheries Service 2009 Biological Opinion for salmon specifically calls out for volition passage alternatives to be investigated and considered. [The Winnemem Wintu] have not seen any real evidence that the Pilot Project is even considering this option. Fortunately, the Winnemem Wintu Tribe has a solution to the above, a full repatriation and restoration of the Salmon to the McCloud River, their Spiritual and Cultural home. It is those Spiritual and Cultural ties and beliefs that have sustained us thus far, and will continue to sustain us as we bring our NUR (Salmon) back home. We therefore request that the following Spiritual, Cultural and Practical Fish Restoration Plan be included in the Pilot Project Plan and submitted out for public comment and consideration.

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Workshop on the Interior Delta Flows And Related Stressors Panel Summary Report

Delta Stewardship Council (Delta Council) | August 6th, 2014

Summary

On April 16 and 17, 2014, the Delta Science Program convened an expert Panel (the Panel) and a workshop to identify the best available science to inform the State Water R

On April 16 and 17, 2014, the Delta Science Program convened an expert Panel (the Panel) and a workshop to identify the best available science to inform the State Water Resources Control Board’s (the Board) decisions regarding interior Delta flow requirements to protect beneficial uses of water in the San Francisco Bay/Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuary (Bay-Delta Plan). This workshop and others were convened to provide advice to the Board on issues important to updating the 2006 Bay Delta Plan. At the workshop, the Panel (consisting of the authors of this report) heard presentations from a variety of experts on Delta flows and on species and ecological responses to flow. The Panel was also provided with a selection of scientific reports relevant to the effects of interior Delta flows on fish and their environment in the Delta. This report is informed by both the written and oral information provided to the Panel as well as by other publications that the Panel felt were necessary to satisfy its charge. The Panel did not make a thorough independent search of the literature on the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta to determine if there were additional publications that were relevant to its charge. In this report we summarize what is known about the direct and indirect relationships between interior Delta flows and listed fish species. We then use this knowledge to address a set of specific questions posed by the Delta Science Program and the Board.

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Yolo Bypass Juvenile Salmon Utilization Study 2016— Summary of Acoustically Tagged Juvenile Salmon and Study Fish Releases, Sacramento River, California

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) | September 12th, 2017

Summary

The Yolo Bypass is a flood control bypass in Sacramento Valley, California. Flood plain habitats may be used for juvenile salmon rearing, however, the potential value of

The Yolo Bypass is a flood control bypass in Sacramento Valley, California. Flood plain habitats may be used for juvenile salmon rearing, however, the potential value of such habitats can be difficult to evaluate because of the intermittent nature of inundation events. The Yolo Bypass Juvenile Salmon Utilization Study (YBUS) used acoustic telemetry to evaluate the movements and survival of juvenile salmon adjacent to and within the Yolo Bypass during the winter of 2016. This report presents numbers, size data, and release data (times, dates, and locations) for the 1,197 acoustically tagged juvenile salmon released for the YBUS from February 21 to March 18, 2016. Detailed descriptions of the surgical implantation of transmitters are also presented. These data are presented to support the collaborative, interagency analysis and reporting of the study findings.

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Yolo Bypass Salmonid Habitat Restoration and Fish Passage Final Environmental Impact Statement / Environmental Impact Report (Chapters 1-8)

U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) | May 1st, 2019

Summary

The Yolo Bypass Salmonid Habitat Restoration and Fish Passage Project (Project) has been developed to improve fish passage and increase floodplain fisheries rearing habit

The Yolo Bypass Salmonid Habitat Restoration and Fish Passage Project (Project) has been developed to improve fish passage and increase floodplain fisheries rearing habitat in the Yolo Bypass and the lower Sacramento River basin. The United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation), as the Federal lead agency under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), and the California Department of Water Resources (DWR), as the State of California (State) lead agency under the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA), have prepared this joint Environmental Impact Statement/Environmental Impact Report (EIS/EIR) to assess impacts of the Project. The Project actions would implement Reasonable and Prudent Alternative (RPA) action I.6.1 and, in part, RPA action I.7, as described in the 2009 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) Biological Opinion and Conference Opinion on the Long-Term Operations of the Central Valley Project and State Water Project and the 2012 Yolo Bypass Salmonid Habitat Restoration and Fish Passage Implementation Plan (Reclamation and DWR 2012). Authority for combined Federal and State documents is provided in Title 40, Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Sections 1502.25, 1506.2, and 1506.4 (Council on Environmental Quality’s Regulations for Implementing NEPA [CEQ Regulations]) and California Code of Regulations (CCR) Title 14, Division 6, Chapter 3 (State CEQA Guidelines), Section 15222 (Preparation of Joint Documents). This document was prepared consistent with United States Department of the Interior regulations specified in 43 CFR, Part 46 (United States Department of the Interior Implementation of NEPA, Final Rule). This EIS/EIR evaluates reasonably foreseeable potential direct, indirect, and cumulative impacts on the environment that could result from implementing the Project alternatives. In addition, this EIS/EIR includes feasible mitigation measures to avoid, minimize, rectify, reduce, or compensate for adverse impacts.

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