Groundwater Management and Safe Drinking Water in the San Joaquin Valley

Water Foundation | June 2nd, 2020

Groundwater Monitoring Protocols for Seawater Intrusion: Example of Challenges and Experiences in a Coastal Groundwater Basin

Groundwater Resources Association of California (GRA) | October 2nd, 2017

“Seawater intrusion refers to the advancement of seawater into a groundwater supply that results in degradation of water quality in the basin, and includes seawater fro

“Seawater intrusion refers to the advancement of seawater into a groundwater supply that results in degradation of water quality in the basin, and includes seawater from any source.” –GSP Emergency Regulations (Preface to a presentation by Kathleen Kuepper of the United Water Conservation District to the 26th annual meeting of the Groundwater Resources Association of California)

Groundwater Pumping Allocations under California’s Sustainable Groundwater Management Act: Considerations for Groundwater Sustainability Agencies

Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) | July 1st, 2018

The Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA) became law on January 1, 2015, forever changing the manner in which groundwater will be managed in California. It requir

The Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA) became law on January 1, 2015, forever changing the manner in which groundwater will be managed in California. It requires local Groundwater Sustainability Agencies (GSAs) to be formed and Groundwater Sustainability Plans (GSPs) to be prepared in order to achieve sustainable groundwater management within 20 years of adopting a GSP. SGMA applies to 127 medium and high priority groundwater subbasins around the state. Over 100 of the medium and high priority groundwater subbasins are in conditions of chronic overdraft (DWR, 2018), meaning average annual groundwater extractions exceed average annual water replenishment to many of the subbasins. These conditions have resulted in a variety of undesirable impacts to the subbasin, including, but not limited to, increasing depth to groundwater, reductions of groundwater storage, seawater intrusion, degraded water quality, and land subsidence. In many subbasins, groundwater overdraft conditions will require GSAs to impose reductions in pumping in order to achieve sustainable conditions in the subbasin. To do this, GSAs will need set a limit or “cap” on the overall amount of groundwater that is removed from the subbasin, assigning portions of this capped amount to groundwater pumpers in the form of a pumping allocation. Making pumping allocation decisions will be a difficult task for GSAs, as it will require restricting access to groundwater resources upon which the agricultural community, cities and towns, and others depend. SGMA expressly does not create or adjust groundwater rights and the basic law of groundwater rights remains largely unchanged. Simply put, this means that while GSAs are tasked with managing groundwater with the goal of bringing groundwater conditions into balance and stopping further depletions and other undesirable impacts, they do not have the authority to change or modify groundwater rights. Thus, GSAs should be mindful of the basic law of groundwater as articulated by the common law and a series of adjudicatory court decisions over the last 100 plus years. The subject of this paper is how to address this dilemma, with the reasoning that if GSAs devise groundwater allocation schemes in a manner consistent with the fundamental principles of groundwater law, the schemes are likely to be more durable, and GSAs are more likely to achieve sustainable groundwater management in a legally defensible manner. To do this, we first provide background on the nature of groundwater rights and how the hierarchy of groundwater rights may affect the legal defensibility of pumping allocations imposed by GSAs upon pumpers. We then discuss the role of groundwater allocations and methods for allocating groundwater pumping rights, and then offer a suggested allocation approach with criteria for consideration when using this approach. To help readers work through the allocation process, the paper includes a hypothetical decision tree graphic. We also discuss the importance of measurement, tracking, and enforcement, as well as additional considerations under SGMA before offering some concluding remarks.

Groundwater Quality in the South Coast Interior Basins, California

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) | May 14th, 2014

The South Coast Interior Basins (SCI) study unit covers approximately 653 square miles and consists of the Livermore, Gilroy-Hollister, Cuyama Valley, Castac Lake Valley,

The South Coast Interior Basins (SCI) study unit covers approximately 653 square miles and consists of the Livermore, Gilroy-Hollister, Cuyama Valley, Castac Lake Valley, Cuddy Canyon Valley, Cuddy Ranch Area, Cuddy Valley, and Mil Potrero groundwater basins (California Department of Water Resources, 2003). These basins were grouped into three study areas based on geography: Livermore (LIV), Gilroy (GIL), and Cuyama (CUY) (Mathany and others, 2009). Average annual precipitation across the study unit varies among the three study areas—from more than 20 inches (in.) along the northwest margin of the LIV study area to less than 8 in. in the northern parts of the CUY study area. The study areas are drained by the Arroyo de la Laguna canal in LIV, the Pájaro River and the San Benito River in GIL, and the Cuyama River in CUY. The primary aquifer system consists of Plio-Pleistocene sedimentary formations, Tertiary to Holocene-age alluvial sedimentary sequences, and unconfined Holocene- age and Pleistoceneage alluvium. The primary aquifer system is defined as those parts of the aquifers corresponding to the perforated intervals of the public-supply wells listed in the California Department of Public Health (CDPH) database. Public-supply wells in the study unit are typically drilled to depths between 200 and 600 feet, consist of solid casing from the land surface to a depth of about 50 to 350 feet, and are perforated below the solid casing. Water quality in the primary aquifer system may differ from that in the shallower and deeper parts of the aquifer system. Land use within 500-meter buffer areas around the wells in the study unit is approximately 44 percent (%) agricultural, 29% urban, and 27% natural. Agricultural lands are mostly orchards, row crops, vineyards, or pastures. The largest urban areas are the cities of Livermore and Gilroy. Recharge to groundwater basins occurs as infiltration of spring and streamflow, direct infiltration of precipitation and irrigation, subsurface inflow, and engineered recharge (percolation ponds and river regulation). The primary sources of groundwater discharge are water pumped for irrigation and municipal supply, discharge to rivers and streams, and evaporation.

Groundwater Resource Management Fundamentals: Groundwater Basin Connectivity

United Water Conservation District (UWCD) | May 14th, 2014

As Ventura County and the rest of the State of California continue to deal with drought conditions there is an increased interest and reliance on groundwater reso

As Ventura County and the rest of the State of California continue to deal with drought conditions there is an increased interest and reliance on groundwater resources. Over the past decade or so the CA Department of Water Resources and others have promoted water supply planning by watershed groups or other local entities, and this approach has generally been accepted by planners and stakeholders. In Ventura County, there is significant groundwater flow between defined groundwater basins both within and between watersheds, and stream flow in the dry seasons is commonly dependent on groundwater discharges to stream channels. Groundwater flow between connected subbasins has long been recognized in southern Ventura County, most notably in the groundwater basins that underlie the watersheds of the Santa Clara River and Calleguas Creek. The intent of this Open-File Report is to document the historical evolution of the concept of the hydrologic connectivity of groundwater basins in the Santa Clara River valley and the Oxnard Plain coastal area, and to summarize the underlying scientific data supporting the hydrologic connectivity principle. The idea of groundwater basin connectivity is not new, and in fact, predates the formation of United Water Conservation District (United), but is a concept that is embraced by United as a key tenet of their groundwater management activities. As a primary groundwater management entity for the Santa Clara River valley and Oxnard Plain area, United has extensive datasets supporting the concept of groundwater flow or movement (i.e., connectivity) between the subbasins in its jurisdiction. The current drought conditions being experienced in Ventura County have reinvigorated a desire by several entities to develop basin-wide or regional water supply management plans. Clearly, the hydrologic relationships between the groundwater basins are important factors for recognition in water supply management plans. The effects of groundwater extraction or wastewater discharge, for example, impact downgradient subbasins and respective stakeholders. Recognition of this important hydrologic relationship is fundamental to creating long-term sustainable groundwater resource management strategies. The current regulatory setting in California includes several attempts to “manage” groundwater resources or water resource, in general, but those attempts are often focused at a local level (e.g., Urban Water Management Plans, Agricultural Water Management Plans) that do not account for the regional nature of this resource. These “entity-specific” plans are not, by themselves, sufficient for water resource sustainability planning purposes as they frequently ignore or minimize the importance of the regional nature of the hydrologic system. This Open-File Report has been prepared to provide Ventura County water resource management agencies (e.g., Fox Canyon Groundwater Management Agency, Ventura County Watershed Protection District, United Water Conservation District) and local municipalities and businesses that may be stakeholders in the development of water resource management and sustainability plans a guiding framework for thinking about how the hydrologic systems in the Santa Clara River valley and the greater Oxnard Plain coastal area function.

Groundwater Sustainability Agency Support and Sustainable Groundwater Management Planning

Freshwater Trust | January 16th, 2018

California’s Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA) poses significant challenges for the expedited establishment of Groundwater Sustainability Agencies (GSA) and

California’s Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA) poses significant challenges for the expedited establishment of Groundwater Sustainability Agencies (GSA) and the development of effective Groundwater Sustainability Plans (GSP) or alternative compliance plans. The Freshwater Trust has experience working with eligible agencies, counties, and the California Department of Water Resources to support GSA development. We partner with the respective technical and administrative staff to streamline the governance process and to meet the schedule for implementation.

Groundwater Sustainability Assessments: A Review of the Department of Water Resources’ Determinations on Groundwater Sustainability Plans in Critically Overdrafted Basins

Groundwater Leadership Forum (GLF) | August 31st, 2022

Of the 46 GSPs submitted in January 2020, the Department of Water Resources (DWR) determined eight GSPs to be adequate and 34 GSPs to be incomplete. In this paper we eval

Of the 46 GSPs submitted in January 2020, the Department of Water Resources (DWR) determined eight GSPs to be adequate and 34 GSPs to be incomplete. In this paper we evaluate to what extent DWR’s determinations provide oversight on the key issues of drinking water, disadvantaged communities, the environment, stakeholder involvement,and climate change. We summarize the corrective actions that DWR is recommending or requiring, as well as compare DWR’s determinations to the assessment of 31 GSPs that we conducted in 2020. We also reviewed the 11 comment letters submitted by the State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB), 25 comment letters submitted by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW), and seven comment letters submitted by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) to compare deficiencies identified in GSPs across agencies.

Groundwater Sustainability Plan (GSP) Annotated Outline

California Department of Water Resources (DWR) | December 22nd, 2016

The objective of this Guidance Document is to provide Groundwater Sustainability Agencies (GSAs) and other stakeholders an example Groundwater Sustainability Plan (GSP) A

The objective of this Guidance Document is to provide Groundwater Sustainability Agencies (GSAs) and other stakeholders an example Groundwater Sustainability Plan (GSP) Annotated Outline to aid in GSP development and standardize future reporting. The GSP Annotated Outline is only intended to be a guide. GSAs have the option of using this information as they develop a GSP. The content provided here does not create any new requirements or obligations for the GSA or other stakeholders.

Groundwater Sustainability Plan Antelope Subbasin

Tehama County Flood Control and Water Conservation District | January 31st, 2022

For the full 4,074-page file, go to the Tehama County Flood Control and Water Conservation District or the California Department of Water Resources (DWR).

For the full 4,074-page file, go to the Tehama County Flood Control and Water Conservation District or the California Department of Water Resources (DWR).

Groundwater Sustainability Plan Bedford-Coldwater Basin

Bedford-Coldwater Groundwater Sustainability Authority | November 3rd, 2021

The Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA) requires local agencies in groundwater basins designated as high- or medium-priority to form Groundwater Sustainabilit

The Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA) requires local agencies in groundwater basins designated as high- or medium-priority to form Groundwater Sustainability Agencies (GSAs) and develop a Groundwater Sustainability Plan (GSP) to plan for achieving and/or maintaining sustainability within 20 years of implementing the plan. The Bedford-Coldwater Groundwater Subbasin (Basin) has been designated by the California Department of Water Resources (DWR) as very low-priority, so the preparation of a GSP is not required. However, the City of Corona (Corona), Temescal Valley Water District (TVWD), and Elsinore Valley Municipal Water District (EVMWD), the three major water purveyors and groundwater users in the Basin, are committed to protecting and maintaining sustainable groundwater conditions in the Basin into the future. The three agencies signed a Joint Powers Agreement (Agreement) creating a Joint Powers Authority (JPA) and forming the Bedford-Coldwater Groundwater Sustainability Agency (BCGSA). The BCGSA has volunteered to become the GSA for the Bain and prepare and implement this GSP. Due to size, this file had been divided into two parts. Part 1, Part 2