Geohydrology and Evapotranspiration at Franklin Lake Playa, Inyo County, California

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) | July 1st, 1997

Geohydrology and ground-water-flow simulation of the Surprise Spring Basin aquifer system, San Bernardino, California

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) | May 24th, 1991

Geohydrology and Numerical Model Analysis of Ground-Water Flow in the Goose Lake Basin, Oregon and California

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) | December 15th, 1988

From the early 1970s until 1981, ground-water development in the Goose Lake basin underwent rapid growth. The number of new wells constructed and total State-perm

From the early 1970s until 1981, ground-water development in the Goose Lake basin underwent rapid growth. The number of new wells constructed and total State-permitted ground-water withdrawals for irrigation reflect the increase in ground-water development that occurred during this period. A strong agricultural economy spurred much of the development by providing incentives to expand irrigated acreage and modernize irrigation methods (from gravity to sprinkler systems). The drought of 1976-77 also encouraged farmers to develop ground water as a supplemental source to less reliable surface-water supplies used in the past. A preliminary assessment of the basin by OWRD staff (R. B. Almy, Oregon Department of Water Resources, written commun., 1981) concluded that, based on rates of water-level decline and increases in withdrawals, further and more detailed study of the basin was warranted. Between 1975 and 1982, water-level declines in some OWRD observation wells ranged from 0.5 to 3 feet per year, while permitted ground- water withdrawals increased at an average rate of 4,000acre-feetperyear(acre-ft/yr). Similarwater-level declines and increases in withdrawals occurred near Davis Creek on the California side of the basin during this period. This prompted a 1982 assessment of ground-water conditions by the California Department of Water Resources (California Department of Water Resources, 1982). At the time of OWRD's assessment it was felt that too little information on the actual rates of ground-water use, recharge, and the geohydrology of the aquifer system was available to allow proper management of the resource. If the rates of water-level decline and ground-water withdrawal that existed prior to 1981 had continued, issuance of new permits for ground-water use potentially could have been halted in order to determine if the Goose Lake basin should be designated as a "criticalground-water area." Sucha designation would allow the State of Oregon to limit the use of ground-water resources in the area. However, overdraft of the ground-water resource became a less urgent issue after 1982, when a downturn in the agricultural economy, combined with rising costs of electrical power (and thus pumping), resulted in a widespread reversion to dryland farming and low-water-use crops. Adverse agricultural market conditions halted the growth of ground-water development in the basin; these trends could conceivably reverse in the future to spur growth again. In recognition of this potential and the need to build an understanding of the basin in order to properly manage future ground-water development, OWRD entered into a joint program of study with the U.S.Geological Survey. The first of a proposed series of ground-water basin assessments, this 1-year study was started in 1986 with the goals of characterizing the nature, extent, and properties of water-bearing rocks within the basin and describing and quantifying the components of recharge to, and discharge from, the basin. Additionally, this study was designed toe valuate the adequacy of available and readily collectable information to quantitatively describe the geohydrology of the basin. If this information was found to be inadequate, the study would also identify the data needed to better describe, understand, and manage the ground-water resource.

Geohydrology and Simulated Response to Ground-Water Pumpage in Carson Valley, A River-Dominated Basin in Douglas County, Nevada, and Alpine County, California

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) | May 2nd, 1986

This investigation of the ground-water hydrology in Carson Valley was conducted from 1980 through 1985 by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with Douglas County.

This investigation of the ground-water hydrology in Carson Valley was conducted from 1980 through 1985 by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with Douglas County. The purpose of the study was to: (1) collect, compile, and analyze hydrologic data to quantify the hydrology of the valley and to enhance the understanding of the valley's geohydrologic system; and (2) develop a ground-water model that would simulate the response of the hydrologic system to applied stresses and that could be used to estimate the probable hydrologic effects of various development alternatives. This report presents the results of the investigation. Work began with a gravity survey in 1980 to determine the depth to bedrock in Carson Valley; the results are discussed in detail in a separate publication (Maurer, 1986). From 1981 to 1983, work included: (1) measurement of water-level fluctuations and surface-water runoff, (2) drilling of additional observation wells, (3) collection of ground-water pumpage data and measurement of pump efficiencies, and (4) compilation of existing data reports and drillers 1 logs to obtain estimates of geohydrologic characteristics of the ground-water reservoir. Development of a water budget and initial estimates of hydraulic conductivities and specific yield were accomplished in 1983. From 1983 to 1985, the ground-water model was developed and calibrated, and simulations of possible ground-water development were made. The model, which represents a compilation of all available data, was used to (1) test estimates of the geohydrologic characteristics of the ground-water reservoir, (2) evaluate the components of the water budget for the basin, (3) enhance the understanding of the hydrologic flow system in the basin, and (4) simulate the effect of various possible developmental alternatives on Carson River outflow, evapotranspiration, ground-water levels, and ground-water storage in the valley.

Geohydrology and Water Chemistry of the Alexander Valley, Sonoma County, California

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) | January 12th, 2006

This study of the geohydrology and water chemistry of the Alexander Valley, California, was done to provide an improved scientific basis for addressing emerging wate

This study of the geohydrology and water chemistry of the Alexander Valley, California, was done to provide an improved scientific basis for addressing emerging water-management issues, including potential increases in water demand and changes in flows in the Russian River. The study tasks included (1) evaluation of existing geohydrological, geophysi- cal, and geochemical data; (2) collection and analysis of new geohydrologic data, including subsurface lithologic data, ground-water levels, and streamflow records; and (3) collection and analysis of new water-chemistry data. The estimated total water use for the Alexander Valley for 1999 was approximately 15,800 acre-feet. About 13,500 acre-feet of this amount was for agricultural use, primarily vineyards, and about 2,300 acre-feet was for municipal/industrial use. Ground water is the main source of water supply for this area. The main sources of ground water in the Alexander Valley are the Quaternary alluvial deposits, the Glen Ellen Formation, and the Sonoma Volcanics. The alluvial units, where sufficiently thick and saturated, comprise the best aquifer in the study area. Average recharge to the Alexander Valley is estimated from a simple, basinwide water budget. On the basis of an estimated annual average of 298,000 acre-feet of precipitation, 160,000 acre-feet of runoff, and 113,000 to 133,000 acre-feet of evapotranspiration, about 5,000 to 25,000 acre-feet per year is available for ground-water recharge. Because this estimate is based on differences between large numbers, there is significant uncertainty in this recharge estimate. Long-term changes in ground-water levels are evident in parts of the study area, but because of the sparse network and lack of data on well construction and lithology, it is uncertain if any significant changes have occurred in the northern part of the study area since 1980. In the southern half of the study area, ground-water levels generally were lower at the end of the 2002 irrigation season than at the end of the 1980 season, which suggests that a greater amount of ground water is being pumped in the southern half of the study area in recent years compared with that pumped in the early 1980s. Water-chemistry data for samples collected from 11 wells during 2002–04 indicate that water quality in the study area generally is acceptable for potable use. Two wells, however, each contained one constituent (241 μg/L of manganese and 1,350 μg/L of boron) in excess of the recommended standards for drinking water (50 μg/L and 1,000 μg/L, respectively). The chemical composition of water from most of the wells sampled for major ions plot as a mixed cation-bicarbon- ate, magnesium-bicarbonate, or calcium-bicarbonate type water. The ionic composition of the historical and recent samples from wells in the Alexander Valley is similar to that of the historical surface-water samples collected from the Russian River near Healdsburg. This suggests a similar source of water, particularly for wells that are less than 200 feet total depth and perforated in Quaternary alluvial deposits. Water from deeper, non-alluvial wells may contain slightly higher concentrations of sodium as a result of cation exchange. Water samples collected from several wells over an approximately 30–year period suggest a progressive change in water chemistry over time. Samples from the southern part of the valley show a trend towards higher ionic concentrations and increasing concentrations of particular constituents such as sulfate.

Geohydrology of Recharge and Seawater Intrusion in the Pajaro Valley, Santa Cruz and Monterey Counties, California

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) | August 14th, 2003

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the Pajaro Valley Water Management Agency (PVWMA), has completed the collection and analyses of geologic, hydrologic

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the Pajaro Valley Water Management Agency (PVWMA), has completed the collection and analyses of geologic, hydrologic, geophysical, and geochemical data in the coastal aquifer systems of the Pajaro Valley (fig. 1). These data were collected to delineate the geohydrologic framework of seawater intrusion, as well as, the source, age, and movement of ground water in the coastal aquifer systems.

Geohydrology of the Parker-Blythe-Cibola Area, Arizona and California

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) | July 16th, 1973

The Parker-Blythe-Cibola area, as defined in this report, extends from the bedrock narrows north of Parker, Ariz., southward for about 85 miles along the valley of the Co

The Parker-Blythe-Cibola area, as defined in this report, extends from the bedrock narrows north of Parker, Ariz., southward for about 85 miles along the valley of the Colorado River to the bedrock narrows below Cibola, Ariz. The area is about midway between Hoover Dam and the Gulf of California. It includes parts of Yuma County, Ariz., and Imperial, Riverside, and San Bernardino Counties, Calif.

Geohydrology, Geochemistry, and Ground-Water Simulation-Optimization of the Central and West Coast Basins, Los Angeles County, California By

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) | January 3rd, 2003

Historical ground-water development of the Central and West Coast Basins in Los Angeles County, California through the first half of the 20th century caused large water-l

Historical ground-water development of the Central and West Coast Basins in Los Angeles County, California through the first half of the 20th century caused large water-level declines and induced seawater intrusion. Because of this, the basins were adjudicated and numerous groundwater management activities were implemented, including increased water spreading, construction of injection barriers, increased delivery of imported water, and increased use of reclaimed water. In order to improve the scientific basis for these water management activities, an extensive data collection program was undertaken, geohydrological and geochemical analyses were conducted, and ground-water flow simulation and optimization models were developed. In this project, extensive hydraulic, geologic, and chemical data were collected from new multiple-well monitoring sites. On the basis of these data and data compiled and collected from existing wells, the regional geohydrologic framework was characterized. For the purposes of modeling, the three-dimensional aquifer system was divided into four aquifer systems—the Recent, Lakewood, Upper San Pedro, and Lower San Pedro aquifer systems. Most pumpage in the two basins is from the Upper San Pedro aquifer system. Assessment of the three-dimensional geochemical data provides insight into the sources of recharge and the movement and age of ground water in the study area. Major-ion data indicate the chemical character of water containing less than 500 mg/L dissolved solids generally grades from calcium-bicarbonate/sulfate to sodium bicarbonate. Sodium-chloride water, high in dissolved solids, is present in wells near the coast. Stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen provide information on sources of recharge to the basin, including imported water and water originating in the San Fernando Valley, San Gabriel Valley, and the coastal plain and surrounding hills. Tritium and carbon-14 data provide information on relative ground-water ages. Water with abundant tritium (greater than 8 tritium units) is found in and downgradient from the Montebello Forebay and near the seawater barrier projects, indicating recent recharge. Water with less than measurable tritium is present in, and downgradient from, the Los Angeles Forebay and in most wells in the West Coast Basin. Water from several deep wells was analyzed for carbon-14. Uncorrected estimates of age for these samples range from 600 to more than 20,000 years before present. Chemical and isotopic data are combined to evaluate changes in chemical character along flow paths emanating from the Montebello and Los Angeles Forebays.

Geohydrology, Geochemistry, and Groundwater Simulation (1992–2011) and Analysis of Potential Water-Supply Management Options, 2010–60, of the Langford Basin, California

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) | October 30th, 2013

Groundwater withdrawals began in 1992 from the Langford Basin within the Fort Irwin National Training Center (NTC), California. From April 1992 to December 2010

Groundwater withdrawals began in 1992 from the Langford Basin within the Fort Irwin National Training Center (NTC), California. From April 1992 to December 2010, approximately 12,300 acre-feet of water (averaging about 650 acre-feet per year) has been withdrawn from the basin and transported to the adjacent Irwin Basin. Since withdrawals began, water levels in the basin have declined by as much as 40 feet, and the quality of the groundwater withdrawn from the basin has deteriorated. The U.S. Geological Survey collected geohydrologic data from Langford Basin during 1992–2011 to determine the quantity and quality of groundwater available in the basin. Geophysical surveys, including gravity, seismic refraction, and time-domain electromagnetic induction surveys, were conducted to determine the depth and shape of the basin, to delineate depths to the Quaternary-Tertiary interface, and to map the depth to the water table and changes in water quality. Data were collected from existing wells and test holes, as well as 11 monitor wells that were installed at 5 sites as part of this study . Water-quality samples collected from wells in the basin were used to determine the groundwater chemistry within the basin and to delineate potential sources of poor-quality groundwater. Analysis of stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen in groundwater indicates that present-day precipitation is not a major source of recharge to the basin. Tritium and carbon-14 data indicate that most of the basin was recharged prior to 1952, and the groundwater in the basin has an apparent age of 12,500 to 30,000 years. Recharge to the basin, estimated to be less than 50 acre-feet per year, has not been suffcient to replenish the water that is being withdrawn from the basin. year of natural recharge derived from precipitation runoff and as much as 40 acre-feet per year of underfow from the Irwin Basin. Between April 1992 and December 2010, an average of about 650 acre-feet per year of water was withdrawn from the Langford Basin. Groundwater withdrawals in excess of natural recharge resulted in a net loss of 11,670 acre-feet of groundwater storage within the basin for the simulation period. A numerical groundwater-fow model was developed for the Langford Basin to better understand the aquifer system used by the Fort Irwin NTC as part of its water supply, and to provide a tool to help manage groundwater resources at the NTC. Measured groundwater-level declines since the initiation of withdrawals (1992–2011) were used to calibrate the groundwater-fow model. The simulated recharge was about 46 acre-feet per year, including approximately 6 acre-feet per year of natural recharge derived from precipitation runoff and as much as 40 acre-feet per year of underflow from the Irwin Basin. Between April 1992 and December 2010, an average of about 650 acre-feet per year of water was withdrawn from the Langford Basin. Groundwater withdrawals in excess of natural recharge resulted in a net loss of 11,670 acre-feet of groundwater storage within the basin for the simulation period. The Fort Irwin NTC is considering various groundwater-management options to address the limited water resources in the Langford Basin. The calibrated Langford Basin groundwater-flow model was used to evaluate the hydrologic effects of four groundwater-withdrawal scenarios being considered by the Fort Irwin NTC over the next 50 years (January 2011 through December 2060). Continuation of the 2010 withdrawal rate in the three existing production wells will result in 70 feet of additional drawdown in the central part of the basin. Redistributing the 2010 withdrawal rate equally to the three existing wells and two proposed new wells in the northern and southern parts of the basin would result in about 10 feet less drawdown in the central part of the basin but about 100 feet of additional drawdown in the new well in the northern part of the basin and about 50 feet of additional drawdown in the new well in the southern part of the basin. Reducing the withdrawals from the three existing production wells in the central part of the basin from about 45,000 acre-feet to about 32,720 acre-feet would result in about 40 feet of additional drawdown in the central basin near the pumping wells, about 25 feet less than if withdrawals were not reduced. The combination of reducing and redistributing the cumulative withdrawals to the three existing and two proposed new wells results in about 40 feet of additional drawdown in the central and southern parts of the basin and about 70 feet in the northern part of the basin. These results show that reducing and redistributing the groundwater withdrawals would maintain the upper aquifer at greater than 50 percent of its predevelopment saturated thickness throughout the groundwater basin. The scenarios simulated for this study demonstrate how the calibrated model can be utilized to evaluate the hydrologic effects of different water-management strategies.

Geohydrology, Geochemistry, and Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Flow and Land Subsidence in the Bicycle Basin, Fort Irwin National Training Center, California

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) | July 19th, 2018

Groundwater pumping from Bicycle Groundwater Basin (referred to as Bicycle Basin) in the Fort Irwin National Training Center, California, began in 1967. From 1967 to Dece

Groundwater pumping from Bicycle Groundwater Basin (referred to as Bicycle Basin) in the Fort Irwin National Training Center, California, began in 1967. From 1967 to December 2010, about 46,000 acre-feet of water had been pumped from the basin and transported to the Irwin Basin. During this time, not only did water levels in the basin decline by as much as 100 feet, the quality of the groundwater pumped from the basin also deteriorated in some wells. The U.S. Geological Survey collected geohydrologic data from existing wells, test holes, and 16 additional monitoring wells installed at 6 sites in Bicycle Basin during 1992–2011 to determine the quantity and quality of groundwater available in the basin. Geophysical surveys, including electrical, gravity, and seismic refraction surveys, were completed to help determine the geometry of the structural basin, delineate depths to the interface between Quaternary and Tertiary rocks, map the depth to the water table, and used to develop a geohydrologic framework and groundwater-flow model for Bicycle Basin. Water samples were used to determine the groundwater quality in the basin and to delineate potential sources of poor-quality groundwater. Analysis of stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen in groundwater indicated that present-day precipitation is not a major source of recharge to the basin. Tritium and carbon-14 data indicated that most of the groundwater in the basin was recharged prior to 1952 and had an apparent age of 15,625–39,350 years. Natural recharge to the basin was not sufficient to replenish the groundwater pumped from the basin. Interferograms from synthetic aperture radar data (InSAR), analyzed to evaluate land-surface subsidence between 1993 and 2010, showed 0.23 to 1.1 feet of subsidence during this period near one production well north of Bicycle Lake (dry) playa. A groundwater-flow model of Bicycle Basin was developed and calibrated using groundwater levels for 1964–2010, and a subsidence model using land-surface deformation data for 1993–2010. Between January 1967 and December 2010, the simulated total recharge from precipitation runoff and underflow from adjacent basins was about 5,100 acre-feet and pumpage from the Bicycle Basin was about 47,000 acre-feet of water. Total outflows exceeded natural recharge during this period, resulting in a net loss of about 42,100 acre-feet of groundwater storage in the basin. The Fort Irwin National Training Center is considering various groundwater-management options in the Bicycle Basin. The groundwater-flow model was used to (1) evaluate changes in groundwater levels and subsidence with the addition of capture and recharge of simulated runoff in retention basins (scenario 1) for predevelopment through 2010; (2) simulate a base case (scenario 2) for reference; and (3) compare projections of alternative future pumping strategies for 2011–60 (scenarios 3–5). Model results from the runoff-capture simulation (scenario 1) indicated that total recharge, including runoff captured using retention basins, locally increased water levels, which partially offset, but did not mitigate, groundwater depletion associated with pumping. Groundwater-storage depletion in scenario 1 was about 14 percent less than without runoff capture. Simulated-drawdown results in model layer 1 in the eastern part of the basin indicated that, because of the captured runoff, simulated heads were as much as 100 feet higher in December 2010 than prior to the onset of development in 1967. In contrast, simulated drawdown for model without runoff capture indicated that, without captured runoff, simulated heads for December 2010 in this area were 80–90 feet lower than during the predevelopment period. Subsidence was mitigated slightly in scenario 1 compared to without runoff capture; the largest decrease in subsidence at observation sites was about 0.07 feet. Scenario 2 results indicated that simulated drawdown in model layer 6 at the end of 2060 ranged from about 46 to 135 feet. Subsidence at observation sites at the end of 2060 ranged from 0.83 to 2.8 feet. Reducing the base case pumping rate by 25 percent in the existing production well in the subsidence area and redistributing the pumpage to the other two production wells (scenario 3) resulted in a reduction of drawdown in the subsidence area compared with the base case (scenario 2). The difference in subsidence at the end of 2060 between scenario 3 and the base case was small (less than 0.07 feet) for all observation locations. Repeating the simulation scenario 3 but additionally reducing the basin-wide pumpage by 3 percent per year from 2011 through 2020 (scenario 4) resulted in about 60 feet less drawdown in the subsidence area than for the base case. Subsidence at observation sites ranged from 0.12 to 0.43 feet less than for the base case. Reducing the pumpage in the existing production well in the subsidence area to zero, while continuing the base case pumping rate in the other two existing production wells (scenario 5), resulted in more than 100 feet less drawdown in the subsidence area than in the base case. The simulated subsidence at the end of 2060 ranged from about 0.19 to about 1.16 feet less than in the base case, indicating that the discontinuation of pumpage at well 14N/3E-14P1 would result in substantially reduced subsidence. Overall, continued water-table declines dewatered the more productive upper layers of the aquifer, causing more groundwater to be withdrawn from deeper, lower yielding layers and resulting in faster declines in the water table and greater vertical gradients in the future. If the water table declines into the perforated intervals of wells, increased maintenance costs and altered well-water quality could potentially result. Water-management scenario 1 indicated that adding managed recharge resulted in a modest decrease (4–5 percent) in the rate of subsidence compared with historical conditions. The reduction of pumpage in the area of subsidence and redistribution of the amount of reduced pumpage to wells in other parts of the basin (scenario 3) resulted in modest decreases (5–6 percent) in the rate of subsidence compared with continuation of historical pumpage. Including either a basin-wide reduction of pumpage of 3 percent annually (cumulatively, a 24 percent decrease) as well as redistribution of the pumpage (scenario 4) or discontinuing pumping in the area of greatest subsidence (scenario 5), however, demonstrated that subsidence could be reduced substantially (22–26 percent for scenario 4 and 62–68 percent for scenario 5) compared with subsidence for continuing historical pumpage.