Overview of Management and Restoration Activities in the Salton Sea

Congressional Research Service (CRS) | November 24th, 2013

Efforts to restore the Salton Sea ecosystem have been discussed and initiated through state and federal actions. Several studies by state and federal agencies have provid

Efforts to restore the Salton Sea ecosystem have been discussed and initiated through state and federal actions. Several studies by state and federal agencies have provided baseline data about the Sea, and some restoration plans have been proposed. The State of California, the Salton Sea Authority, and the federal government through the Bureau of Reclamation have devised plans for restoring the Sea. However, none of these plans are being fully implemented. Federal authorities that address restoration of the Salton Sea are generally based on creating and evaluating proposals for restoration, rather than implementing restoration activities in a comprehensive manner similar to other initiatives in the Everglades and Great Lakes. California is pursuing restoration options, but funding for implementing them is lacking. Whether or not to restore the Salton Sea remains controversial. Proponents of restoration contend that the Salton Sea ecosystem is valuable from an ecological standpoint because it is one of the few remaining large-scale wetland habitats in California for migratory birds and fish. Further, some argue that keeping the Salton Sea intact will stimulate economic development, recreation, and tourism in the region. They note that losing the Sea could cause economic and environmental decline, and could lead to air quality problems from exposed seabeds. Others contend that the Sea should not be restored. They argue that the Salton Sea is naturally declining, as it has throughout its geological history. Further, they note that countering this process will be costly and ultimately not worth the expense. They state that limited restoration funds should be used to restore other natural wetlands in California, such as the Sacramento-San Joaquin Bay Delta. The decline of the Salton Sea ecosystem is accelerating due to water transfers from agricultural lands to municipal water districts in San Diego under the terms of the Quantification Settlement Agreement, an agreement on how to share California’s apportionment of Colorado River water. The water transfers have resulted in less water flowing into the Salton Sea and accelerated increases in salinity and shoreline recession. According to some scientists, salinity levels may reach lethal levels for most fish and wildlife as soon as 2018. These predictions, along with the steadily declining ecosystem might provoke Congress to consider a larger role in restoration for the federal government. Congress may decide to address restoration by increasing the federal role in restoration efforts.  This could be done by funding existing federal authorities that address, or could address, restoring the ecosystem; authorizing federal participation and appropriations for implementing existing restoration plans; or authorizing a new comprehensive plan to be created that might involve participation from federal and non-federal stakeholders, similar to other restoration initiatives around the country. Congress might also decide not to address restoration of the Salton Sea ecosystem, or simply maintain the status quo of federal participation.

Overview of the ARkStorm Scenario

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) | January 13th, 2011

The U.S. Geological Survey, Multi Hazards Demonstration Project (MHDP) uses hazards science to improve resiliency of communities to natural disasters including ea

The U.S. Geological Survey, Multi Hazards Demonstration Project (MHDP) uses hazards science to improve resiliency of communities to natural disasters including earthquakes, tsunamis, wildfires, landslides, floods and coastal erosion. The project engages emergency planners, businesses, universities, government agencies, and others in preparing for major natural disasters. The project also helps to set research goals and provides decision-making information for loss reduction and improved resiliency. The first public product of the MHDP was the ShakeOut Earthquake Scenario published in May 2008. This detailed depiction of a hypothetical magnitude 7.8 earthquake on the San Andreas Fault in southern California served as the centerpiece of the largest earthquake drill in United States history, involving over 5,000 emergency responders and the participation of over 5.5 million citizens. This document summarizes the next major public project for MHDP, a winter storm scenario called ARkStorm (for Atmospheric River 1,000). Experts have designed a large, scientifically realistic meteorological event followed by an examination of the secondary hazards (for example, landslides and flooding), physical damages to the built environment, and social and economic consequences. The hypothetical storm depicted here would strike the U.S. West Coast and be similar to the intense California winter storms of 1861 and 1862 that left the central valley of California impassible. The storm is estimated to produce precipitation that in many places exceeds levels only experienced on average once every 500 to 1,000 years. Extensive flooding results. In many cases flooding overwhelms the state’s flood-protection system, which is typically designed to resist 100- to 200-year runoffs. The Central Valley experiences hypothetical flooding 300 miles long and 20 or more miles wide. Serious flooding also occurs in Orange County, Los Angeles County, San Diego, the San Francisco Bay area, and other coastal communities. Windspeeds in some places reach 125 miles per hour, hurricane- force winds. Across wider areas of the state, winds reach 60 miles per hour. Hundreds of landslides damage roads, highways, and homes. Property damage exceeds $300 billion, most from flooding. Demand surge (an increase in labor rates and other repair costs after major natural disasters) could increase property losses by 20 percent. Agricultural losses and other costs to repair lifelines, dewater (drain) flooded islands, and repair damage from landslides, brings the total direct property loss to nearly $400 billion, of which $20 to $30 billion would be recoverable through public and commercial insurance. Power, water, sewer, and other lifelines experience damage that takes weeks or months to restore. Flooding evacuation could involve 1.5 million residents in the inland region and delta counties. Business interruption costs reach $325 billion in addition to the $400 billion property repair costs, meaning that an ARkStorm could cost on the order of $725 billion, which is nearly 3 times the loss deemed to be realistic by the ShakeOut authors for a severe southern California earthquake, an event with roughly the same annual occurrence probability. The ARkStorm has several public policy implications: (1) An ARkStorm raises serious questions about the ability of existing federal, state, and local disaster planning to handle a disaster of this magnitude. (2) A core policy issue raised is whether to pay now to mitigate, or pay a lot more later for recovery. (3) Innovative financing solutions are likely to be needed to avoid fiscal crisis and adequately fund response and recovery costs from a similar, real, disaster. (4) Responders and government managers at all levels could be encouraged to conduct risk assessments, and devise the full spectrum of exercises, to exercise ability of their plans to address a similar event. (5) ARkStorm can be a reference point for application of Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and California Emergency Management Agency guidance connecting federal, state and local natural hazards mapping and mitigation planning under the National Flood Insurance Plan and Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000. (6) Common messages to educate the public about the risk of such an extreme disaster as the ARkStorm scenario could be developed and consistently communicated to facilitate policy formulation and transformation. These impacts were estimated by a team of 117 scientists, engineers, public-policy experts, insurance experts, and employees of the affected lifelines. In many aspects the ARkStorm produced new science, such as the model of coastal inundation. The products of the ARkStorm are intended for use by emergency planners, utility operators, policymakers, and others to inform preparedness plans and to enhance resiliency.

Overview on Central Valley Project Financing, Cost Allocation, and Repayment Issues

Delta Vision Blue Ribbon Task Force (Delta Vision) | September 18th, 2008

As part of its strategic plan, the Delta Vision Task Force is considering in detail the entire California water infrastructure. This report summarizes and expands upon

As part of its strategic plan, the Delta Vision Task Force is considering in detail the entire California water infrastructure. This report summarizes and expands upon four individual reports prepared for the Task Force on the financial characteristics and status of the Central Valley Project (CVP). It begins with an overview of CVP history, organization, costs, and repayment. It then focuses on the overall repayment responsibilities of irrigation and municipal and industrial (M&I) contractors as well as those responsibilities specifically for Sacramento Valley and San Joaquin Valley water users. Next is a review of the summary financial statements of the 10 largest San Joaquin Valley contractors based on reports filed with the California State Controller. Following is a discussion of CVP power generation revenues, expenditures, and repayment. The report is then summarized and conclusions presented, with subsequent appendices showing detailed financial statements and repayment responsibilities by individual contractors; and information on power sales over time to various users.

Owens River Water Trail

Inyo County | September 1st, 2015

The Owens River Water Trail is a signature recreation project—the first dedicated water trail on a river in California. The project creates a 6.3 mile water trail on th

The Owens River Water Trail is a signature recreation project—the first dedicated water trail on a river in California. The project creates a 6.3 mile water trail on the newly re-watered Lower Owens River in the scenic Owens Valley that is solely dedicated to kayaks, canoes, and other paddlecraft. Recreationists will find well designed parking areas, accessible paths to the river, and formal paddlecraft entry and exit points.  The Owens River Water Trail is also improves aquatic habitat; opening up the river and improving transport of organic sediments. The Lower Owens River is a component of the Lower Owens River Project (LORP) which, in addition to ecosystem recovery promotes sustainable recreation. The area of the proposed water trail has a moderately wide channel characterized by large areas of open water separated by relatively short lengths of channel that are obstructed or bridged by bulrush and cattail (collectively referred to as tules). Tules and coyote willow line the margins of the open water channel; ponds open to salt grass meadow.  Tree willow is the dominate overstory. The river has a sustained 40 cfs flow and a yearly seasonal habitat flow of up to 200 cfs. The project is expected to improve water quality. Years of low flows prior to 2006 allowed tules to colonize the channel. In places, thick beds of tule roots completely cover the river bottom and vegetation blocks the channel. The seasonal habitat flows meant to move muck out the system are diminished in the vegetation and the buildup of organic material, derived from decaying tules, cannot be effectively flushed by the habitat flow. The project improves water quality by opening these blockages. The newly established channel will better fit the river’s hydrograph and is expected to improve flushing of organic sediment and protect the fishery. Inyo County and LADWP jointly manage the LORP. A preferred Recreation use plan for the LORP, which has at its core a river trail, has the support of LADWP and parties to the MOU, and was developed by a diverse range of stakeholders including the LADWP, conservation organizations, ranchers, anglers, students, area Indian Tribes, local, state, and federal agencies, local businesses, and the general public. A water trail on the Lower Owens River has popular support, and now area businesses, local agencies and NGOs are meeting to discuss forming a Lower Owens River stewardship group. The entire project area is owned by the City of Los Angeles and is open to daytime use by the public. The Owens River Water Trail is 2.5 miles from the center of Lone Pine, easily accessible by bike or car. Lone Pine aspires to be identified as a River Town; this project establishes that connection. The Lone Pine economic plan associated with the project includes a concessionaire running regularly scheduled drop-offs and pick-ups of boaters between the river and the many local hotels.

Owens Valley Groundwater Basin Final Groundwater Sustainability Plan

Owens Valley Groundwater Authority | December 9th, 2021

The Owens Valley Groundwater Basin and Fish Slough subbasin (Basin) were assigned a low priority status by the California Department of Water Resources (DWR) and are not

The Owens Valley Groundwater Basin and Fish Slough subbasin (Basin) were assigned a low priority status by the California Department of Water Resources (DWR) and are not required to be managed by a Groundwater Sustainability Agency (GSA). GSAs in low priority basins are encouraged to complete a GSP. Following the adoption of the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA), the Basin was originally ranked as medium priority, but DWR proposed it be assigned high priority and ultimately ranked the Basin as low priority in December 2019. Despite the uncertainty in the Basin ranking before the final ranking was announced the Owens Valley Groundwater Authority (OVGA) elected to prepare a GSP for the Basin. This document is the GSP, and it was developed in accordance with Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA) statutory and regulatory requirements. This GSP describes the Basin, develops quantifiable management objectives that account for the interests of beneficial groundwater uses and users, and identifies a group of management actions that will maintain sustainable conditions in the Basin for 20 years after plan adoption. This GSP also contains steps a GSA could undertake to manage pumping to address declining water levels in a portion of the Basin. Preparation and implementation of the GSP by the OVGA is discretionary as long as the Basin remains very low or low priority. This GSP does not pertain to lands in the Basin that are exempt from SGMA, e.g. Federal and state owned lands, Tribal Reservations, and Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP) lands managed pursuant to the Long Term Water Agreement (LTWA). LADWP lands in Inyo County are referred to as adjudicated; other lands in the Basin are referred to as GSP lands in this document. Los Angeles-owned lands in the Basin in Mono County are not exempt from SGMA. Due to size, the file has been divided into five parts. Part 1, Part 2, Part 3, Part 4, Part 5

Pacific Coast Salmon Fishery Management Plan

Pacific Fishery Management Council | March 1st, 2016

Pacific Coast Federation of Fishermen’s Associations et al v. Wilbur Ross et al

U.S. District Court, Northern District of California | December 12th, 2019

Pacific Salmon and Steelhead Trout: Managing Under the Endangered Species Act

Congressional Research Service (CRS) | November 30th, 2012

Along the Pacific Coast, 28 distinct population segments of Pacific salmon and steelhead trout are listed as either endangered or threatened under the Endangered Species

Along the Pacific Coast, 28 distinct population segments of Pacific salmon and steelhead trout are listed as either endangered or threatened under the Endangered Species Act (ESA), with three additional populations identified as “species of concern.” While no species of anadromous trout or salmon is in danger of near-term extinction, individual population segments within these species have declined substantially or have even been extirpated. The American Fisheries Society considers at least 214 Pacific Coast anadromous fish populations to be “at risk,” while at least 106 other historically abundant populations have already become extinct. Human activities—logging, grazing, mining, agriculture, urban development, and consumptive water use—can degrade aquatic habitat. Silt can cover streambed gravel, smothering fish eggs. Poorly constructed roads often increase siltation in streams where adult salmon spawn and young salmon rear. Removal of stream-side trees and shade frequently leads to higher water temperatures. Grazing cattle remove stream-side vegetation and exacerbate stream bank erosion. Urbanization typically brings stream channelization and filled wetlands, altering food supplies and nursery habitat. Habitat alterations can lead to increased salmonid predation by marine mammals, birds, and other fish. Dams for hydropower, flood control, and irrigation substantially alter aquatic habitat and can have significant impacts on anadromous fish. In addition, natural phenomena stress fish populations and contribute to their variable abundance. Current management efforts aim to restore the abundance of ESA-listed native northeast Pacific salmonids to historic, sustainable population levels. The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS, also popularly referred to as “NOAA Fisheries”) in the Department of Commerce implements the ESA for anadromous salmonids. When a federal activity may harm an ESA-listed salmonid, the ESA requires the federal agency to consult with NMFS to determine whether the activity is likely to jeopardize the survival and recovery of the species or adversely modify its critical habitat. Prior to the listing of salmonid “evolutionarily significant units” (ESUs) under the ESA, the Northwest Power and Conservation Council took the lead in the Columbia River Basin under the 1980 Pacific Northwest Electric Power Planning and Conservation Act, by attempting to protect salmon and their habitat while also providing inexpensive electric power to the region. Under this effort, federal agencies and public utilities have spent hundreds of millions of dollars on technical improvements for dams, habitat enhancement, and water purchases to improve salmon survival. Recent years have seen an increased interest by state governments and tribal councils in developing comprehensive salmon management efforts. This report summarizes the reasons for ESA listings and outlines efforts to protect ESA-listed species.

Pacific sea-surface temperature related to rain in California

Nature Portfolio (Springer Nature) | October 1st, 1977

California is experiencing the worst drought in modern history, and there is much concern and speculation about future rainfall prospects. We recently succeeded in relati

California is experiencing the worst drought in modern history, and there is much concern and speculation about future rainfall prospects. We recently succeeded in relating South Atlantic sea surface temperatures (SST) to rain in northeastern Brazil1, and here we use similar methods to relate sea surface temperatures over the North Pacific Ocean to rainfall in California. We found December SST in the north-east Pacific off Washington to have a limited but definite predictive value, and to account for about 45% of the variation in California rainfall for the period February–April.

Pajaro Valley Basin Management Plan Groundwater Sustainability Update 2022

Pajaro Valley Water Management Agency (PVWMA) | November 17th, 2021