Toxicological assessment of potable reuse and conventional drinking waters

Nature Portfolio (Springer Nature) | October 27th, 2022

Potable reuse, the process of treating wastewater to drinkable standards, offers a reliable and sustainable solution to cities and regions facing shortages of clean water

Potable reuse, the process of treating wastewater to drinkable standards, offers a reliable and sustainable solution to cities and regions facing shortages of clean water. However, implementation is hindered by perceptions of poor water quality and potential health threats. Herein, we compare water samples from potable reuse systems with conventional drinking waters based on the analysis of Chinese hamster ovary cell cytotoxicity contributed by disinfection by-products (DBPs) and sewage-derived anthropogenic contaminants. In all cases, the cytotoxicity of potable reuse waters is lower than that of drinking waters derived from surface waters. The median contribution to total cytotoxicity was 0.2% for regulated DBPs and 16% for the unregulated DBPs of current research interest. Nonvolatile, uncharacterized DBPs and anthropogenic contaminants accounted for 83% of total cytotoxicity. Potable reuse waters treated by reverse osmosis are not more cytotoxic than groundwaters. Even in the absence of reverse osmosis, reuse waters are less cytotoxic than surface drinking waters. Our results suggest that potable reuse can provide a safe, energy-efficient and cost-effective alternative water supply.

Tracking Organic Matter in Delta Drinking Water

CALFED | April 1st, 2008

Transboundary geophysical mapping of geological elements and salinity distribution critical for the assessment of future sea water intrusion in response to sea level rise

European Geosciences Union (EGU) | July 4th, 2012

Geophysical techniques are increasingly being used as tools for characterising the subsurface, and they are generally required to develop subsurface models that properly

Geophysical techniques are increasingly being used as tools for characterising the subsurface, and they are generally required to develop subsurface models that properly delineate the distribution of aquifers and aquitards, salt/freshwater interfaces, and geological structures that affect groundwater flow. In a study area covering 730 km2 across the border between Germany and Denmark, a combination of an airborne electromagnetic survey (performed with the SkyTEM system), a high-resolution seismic survey and borehole logging has been used in an integrated mapping of important geological, physical and chemical features of the subsurface. The spacing between flight lines is 200–250 m which gives a total of about 3200 line km. About 38 km of seismic lines have been collected. Faults bordering a graben structure, buried tunnel valleys, glaciotectonic thrust complexes, marine clay units, and sand aquifers are all examples of geological structures mapped by the geophysical data that control groundwater flow and to some extent hydrochemistry. Additionally, the data provide an excellent picture of the salinity distribution in the area and thus provide important information on the salt/freshwater boundary and the chemical status of groundwater. Although the westernmost part of the study area along the North Sea coast is saturated with saline water and the TEM data therefore are strongly influenced by the increased electrical conductivity there, buried valleys and other geological elements are still revealed. The mapped salinity distribution indicates preferential flow paths through and along specific geological structures within the area. The effects of a future sea level rise on the groundwater system and groundwater chemistry are discussed with special emphasis on the importance of knowing the existence, distribution and geometry of the mapped geological elements, and their control on the groundwater salinity distribution is assessed.

Transition from irrigation with untreated wastewater to treated wastewater and associated benefits and risks

Nature Portfolio (Springer Nature) | January 26th, 2025

Investments in “Clean water and sanitation” drive a transition from irrigation with untreated to irrigation with treated wastewater. While this transition reduces man

Investments in “Clean water and sanitation” drive a transition from irrigation with untreated to irrigation with treated wastewater. While this transition reduces many health risks, it may decrease crop yields, and soil carbon storage, cause a release of accumulated pollutants from soils, and increase the spread of antibiotic resistance in the environment. A holistic view on multiple SDGs is necessary to maximize benefits and minimize risks of wastewater treatment for irrigation.

Trends in nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment concentrations and loads in streams draining to Lake Tahoe, California, Nevada, USA

Science of the Total Environment (Elsevier) | August 19th, 2020

Lake Tahoe, a large freshwater lake of the eastern Sierra Nevada in California and Nevada, has 63 tributaries that are sources of nutrients and sediment to the lake. The

Lake Tahoe, a large freshwater lake of the eastern Sierra Nevada in California and Nevada, has 63 tributaries that are sources of nutrients and sediment to the lake. The Tahoe watershed is relatively small, and the surface area of the lake occupies about 38% of the watershed area (1313 km2). Only about 6% of the watershed is urbanized or residential land, and as part of a plan to maintain water clarity, wastewater is exported out of the basin. The lake's clarity has been diminishing due to algae and fine sediment, prompting development of management plans. Much of the annual discharge and nutrient load to the lake results from snowmelt in the spring and summer months. To understand the relative importance of land use, climate, forest management, and other factors affecting trends in nutrient stream concentrations and loads, a Weighted Regression on Time Discharge and Season (WRTDS) model simulated these trends over a time frame of >25 years (mid-1970s to 2017). All studied locations generally show nitrate concentration and load trending down. Ammonium concentration and load initially trended down then increased continuously after 2005. Some locations show initially decreasing orthophosphate trends, followed by small significant increases in concentration and loads starting around 2000 to 2005. Total Kjeldahl nitrogen, total phosphorus and suspended sediment mostly trended downward. Overall, the trends in various forms of nitrogen were observed at most sites irrespective of the degree of development and indicate a change in ecological conditions is affecting the nitrogen cycle throughout the watershed, most likely attributable to forest aggradation and fire suppression. Ratios of bioavailable nitrogen in the form of nitrate and ammonium to orthophosphate have also trended downward during the period of record suggesting a shift of these streams from phosphorus limited to nitrogen limited.

Tritium as an indicator of modern, mixed, and premodern groundwater age

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) | September 4th, 2019

Categorical classification of groundwater age is often used for the assessment and understanding of groundwater resources. This report presents a tritium-based age classi

Categorical classification of groundwater age is often used for the assessment and understanding of groundwater resources. This report presents a tritium-based age classification system for the conterminous United States based on tritium (3H) thresholds that vary in space and time: modern (recharged in 1953 or later), if the measured value is larger than an upper threshold; premodern (recharged prior to 1953) if the measured value is smaller than a lower threshold; or mixed if the measured value is between the two thresholds. Inclusion of spatially varying thresholds, rather than a single threshold, accounts for the observed systematic variation in 3H deposition across the United States. Inclusion of time-varying thresholds, rather than a single threshold, accounts for the date of sampling given the radioactive decay of 3H. The efficacy of the tritium-based age classification system was evaluated at national and regional scales. The system was evaluated at a national scale by classifying samples from 1,788 public-supply wells distributed across 19 principal aquifers and comparing those results with expectations based on hydrogeologic principles. The regional-scale data are from five paired networks of shallow and deep wells (287 wells). As expected, modern groundwater is more prevalent in shallow wells than in deeper wells, in fractured-rock and carbonate aquifers as compared to clastic aquifers, in unconfined areas as compared to confined areas, and in humid climates as compared to arid climates. The results from a tritium-based age classification system compared favorably with the results of 14 previous studies of groundwater ages that used different age tracers and analytical methods. The wells and samples from the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer that had been analyzed using a more complex multi-tracer analysis were also analyzed using the tritium-based age classification system, and there was a close match between the two methods. The results from these various studies suggest that the tritium-based age classification system may be informative as a screening tool prior to selecting more expensive and complex age-dating tracers and methods, or to provide an explanatory variable for other water-quality data where more complex methods or tracers are not available. This work improves on previous groundwater age classification using 3H by developing methods that (1) determine 3H thresholds for groundwater recharged in 1953 or later that minimize the misclassification of modern samples as mixed; (2) determine a pre-1953 threshold to estimate premodern background concentrations; and (3) add a mixed category to classify samples that are clearly neither entirely modern nor entirely premodern. As with any tritium-based approach, it can fail when the 3H record in precipitation does not accurately reflect the record of 3H in recharge

Two and a half decades of United States wildfire burn zone disaster data, 2000-2025

Nature Portfolio (Springer Nature) | December 17th, 2025

Growing wildfire frequency and urban development expanding into fire-prone areas have heightened wildfire risk for wildland-urban interface (WUI) communities. When burn z

Growing wildfire frequency and urban development expanding into fire-prone areas have heightened wildfire risk for wildland-urban interface (WUI) communities. When burn zones come near or cross into communities, the heat, flames, and smoke can harm human health—directly or via psychosocial stressors—to the point of becoming a disaster. We harmonized six wildfire datasets to create the first U.S.-wide spatial dataset of wildfire burn zone disasters. Our criteria for a wildfire burn zone disaster were wildfires that burned near a community (≥96 people per km2 or met WUI criterion) and resulted in ≥1 civilian fatality, ≥1 destroyed structure, or received federal disaster declaration. We identified 6,212 U.S. wildfire burn zone disasters between 2000–2025. The annual number of these disasters ranged between 61 in 2001 and 570 in 2011 (median = 217), with an increasing trend over the study period. California had the highest number of wildfire burn zone disasters (n = 878, 14.1%). These data may inform demographic, economic, and population health research, as well as policymaking and resource allocation.

Two-dimensional, steady-state model of ground-water flow, Nevada Test Site and vicinity, Nevada- California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 82-4085

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) | July 1st, 1962

Understanding Microplastic Levels, Pathways, and Transport in the San Francisco Bay Region

San Francisco Estuary Institute (SFEI) | October 2nd, 2019

Microplastics (particles less than 5 mm) are ubiquitous and persistent pollutants in the ocean and a pervasive and preventable threat to the health of marine ec

Microplastics (particles less than 5 mm) are ubiquitous and persistent pollutants in the ocean and a pervasive and preventable threat to the health of marine ecosystems. Microplastics come in a wide variety of shapes, sizes, and plastic types, each with unique physical and chemical properties and toxicological impacts. Understanding the magnitude of the microplastics problem and determining the highest priorities for mitigation require accurate measures of microplastic occurrence in the environment and identification of likely sources. To develop critical baseline data and inform solutions, the San Francisco Estuary Institute and the 5 Gyres Institute have completed the first comprehensive regional study of microplastic pollution in a major estuary.

Unintended consequences of water conservation on the use of treated municipal wastewater

Nature Portfolio (Springer Nature) | May 11th, 2020

Municipal water managers are intensifying efforts to reduce urban water use and increase the reliability of local water supplies to combat rising water scarcity and droug

Municipal water managers are intensifying efforts to reduce urban water use and increase the reliability of local water supplies to combat rising water scarcity and drought. Incentivizing increases in water-use efficiency and mandating conservation are two strategies to rein in demand. Concurrently, local water supplies are being augmented through investments in reclaiming and treating municipal wastewater. Although reducing urban water consumption is necessary to deal with population growth and a more variable climate, it does come at a cost. In particular, cutting back on indoor water consumption impacts the generation and quality of wastewater, which can have widespread and underappreciated consequences on human society and the environment. Here, to quantify these impacts, we tracked monthly effluent flow, salinity levels and the properties of 34 wastewater treatment plants throughout Southern California from 2013 to 2017—a period that included extreme drought and abundant precipitation. Our analysis demonstrates that conservation measures significantly reduced effluent flow and increased effluent salinity (P value ≤ 0.05). Our findings further highlight the need for policymakers to recognize the interdependencies and complexities within a water system.