State of the Estuary 2019 Update

San Francisco Estuary Partnership (SFEP) | October 22nd, 2019

The San Francisco Estuary is a large and diverse system. Hundreds of miles of coastline stretch from the wide valleys of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers to the stee

The San Francisco Estuary is a large and diverse system. Hundreds of miles of coastline stretch from the wide valleys of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers to the steep headlands of the Golden Gate, with vast agricultural fields in the Delta and urbanized shorelines in Silicon Valley and many of the region’s cities. The complexity and scale of this system means it can take years to detect and assess changes. This interim State of the Estuary Report checks in on a few indicators of health and explores where the assessment should head over time. In the four years since the 2015 State of the Estuary Report, two issues have emerged as critical to how we assess the health of the estuarine ecosystem at the heart of the Bay Area and the Delta. First, the health of the Estuary and of the people who live near it and depend on it are inextricably linked. We need a healthy Bay and Delta to protect our shorelines from sea level rise, help keep our waters clean, provide food and habitat for fish and wildlife, and give people a place to enjoy nature. We also need to think more about human communities as we assess the health of natural communities. This focus means addressing environmental injustices that are deeply embedded in our culture and patterns of development. The second critical issue to emerge is the need for a greater focus on landscape resilience—how well the Bay and the Delta are equipped to respond to change—so that people and wildlife can thrive as climate change progresses. Taking these two ideas together, this report focuses on the nexus of social and ecological resilience as we look toward the future. The first section of the Report updates indicators of ecological health that span the entire extent of the San Francisco Estuary (Bay and Delta). Recent data show continued progress along the trajectories of the past decade. Tidal marsh restoration is proceeding at a brisk pace in the Bay and gaining traction in the Delta, while urban water conservation continues to meet mandated benchmarks, even during the drought. On the other hand, flows through the Estuary and across its floodplains continue to be well below levels that could increase and restore ecosystem health. Freshwater flows are a lynchpin of ecosystem processes that sustain physical habitats, fuel the food web, and regulate water quality. Creative approaches to using and re-using fresh water for environmental purposes are needed. Long-term trend analysis shows that fish communities in the Bay are declining. This analysis scores an index of 10 attributes of a healthy fish community. The index focuses on fish in offshore areas, and may not capture benefits to fish from near-shore wetland restoration projects. Despite this slow decline, fish communities in the saltier parts of the Estuary remain in good condition, while those in the brackish and freshwater areas are in poor condition. The next section of the report discusses three emerging indicators of Estuary health, offering options for how to assess resilience in future reports. Here, for the first time, the resilience of the Estuary’s shores is evaluated through the lens of subsidence and nature-based features. Elevation relative to sea level is a basic currency that must be tracked as the Pacific Ocean rises into the Estuary. The potential for the Estuary shore to be resilient to climate change and continue to provide benefits to people is related to how much of the shore zone is nature-based. The final emerging indicator, urban green space, is a first attempt to assess how access to nature is distributed across more and less advantaged communities. More work is needed to finalize all these emerging indicators before they can be included in any future quantitative assessment of the State of the Estuary. These emerging and updated indicators will help focus efforts to restore the Estuary’s health. In addition to continuing the successful aspects of restoration and conservation that this report describes, we need more investment in creative ways to use and restore flows for environmental health, to expand and build resilient shorelines and to weave considerations of social equity more strongly into efforts to improve environmental health. - J. Letitia Grenier, Lead Scientist

State of the Estuary, October 2013

San Francisco Estuary Partnership (SFEP) | October 31st, 2013

State of the Salton Sea: A Science and Monitoring Meeting of Scientists for the Salton Sea

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) | January 19th, 2017

The Salton Sea (Sea) is an ecosystem facing large systemic changes in the near future. Managers and stakeholders are seeking solutions to the decline of the Sea and have

The Salton Sea (Sea) is an ecosystem facing large systemic changes in the near future. Managers and stakeholders are seeking solutions to the decline of the Sea and have turned to the scientific community for answers. In response, scientists gathered in Irvine, California, to review existing science and propose scientific studies and monitoring needs required for understanding how to retain the Sea as a functional ecosystem. This document summarizes the proceedings of this gathering of approximately 50 scientists at a September 8–10, 2014, workshop on the State of the Salton Sea (SoSS).  In 1997, a similar gathering of nearly 100 scientists and others in Palm Springs, Calif., yielded a number of scientific proposals establishing a foundation for a program of integrated science investigations. The 1997 workshop results were combined with recommendations from a U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Tiger Team (Shipley and others, 1999), resulting in the eventual creation of a Strategic Science Plan (SSP) for the Salton Sea (Salton Sea Science Subcommittee, 2000). The vision from the 1997 workshop of an integrated and coordinated program of scientific investigations, embraced by the SSP, was implemented through the SSC and the USGS Salton Sea Science Office (Science Office). The integrated science program, mandated by the Salton Sea Reclamation Act of 1998 (Public Law 105–372) and spelled out in the SSP, directly led to an increased scientific understanding of the Salton Sea ecosystem. The workshop concluded that “rehabilitation of the Sea is essential and requires that current ills be rectified in a manner that allows the Sea to sustain social values of importance to the human populations of the Imperial and Coachella Valleys, as well as society in general” (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1997). The 2014 SoSS workshop built upon the foundations of the 1997 workshop, with particular emphasis on changes in the condition of the Sea and its environment in the intervening years. Over the past five decades, investigations of the Salton Sea have addressed water quality, biological, recreation, and (or) economic issues at the Salton Sea (California Resources Agency, 2006, chap. 8). Many stakeholders believe that the Salton Sea has been “studied to death” (Claiborne, 1996). Although it is true that a great deal of research has been completed at the Salton Sea, much of it has been short term and focused on specific topics with little or no integration across science disciplines, time, and space. Additionally, there have been numerous attempts at resource management of the Salton Sea (previously referred to as restoration planning).  Study objectives have differed, but the main focus has generally been on methods to control the salinity and elevation of the Salton Sea (California Resources Agency, 2006, chaps. 1 and 4). Most investigations resulted in proposed plans to preserve the Salton Sea as a thriving fishery and recreational destination, and most of these plans addressed methods to preserve the “whole Sea.” More recently, however, studies have recognized that maintaining a smaller Salton Sea should be considered, owing to declining inflows to the Salton Sea (California Resources Agency, 2006).  Prior investigations considered hundreds of alternatives for managing Salton Sea salinity, nutrients, and water elevation. Some alternatives generated revenue to help pay for rehabilitating the Sea. These alternatives have been addressed in multiple studies, as summarized in chapters 1 and 4 of the “Salton Sea Ecosystem Restoration Program Draft Programmatic Environmental Impact Report” (California Resources Agency, 2006).  Although there have been multiple efforts to characterize the Salton Sea ecosystem and develop management plans, it was not until 1996 that a comprehensive and integrated research needs assessment was developed (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1997). The 1997 report captured the combined thinking of scientists and managers and identified several areas of scientific research that would be required for a fuller, more complete understanding of the Salton Sea necessary to undertake any management project. The report defined these broad categories of science as physical environment, biological environment, cultural resources, pathogens and diseases, and contaminants. These categories form the basic framework for all scientific investigations at the Salton Sea. Some science categories continue to receive greater emphasis because limited funding has required the prioritization of projects.  A Salton Sea Science Subcommittee (SSC) authorized by Public Law 105–372, representing a broad range of Federal, State, local, and other stakeholder interests, endorsed a long-range Strategic Science Plan for the Salton Sea (Salton Sea Science Subcommittee, 2000). Whereas the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1997 report established the types of science needed, the SSP further established the governing processes and expectations of how this science program should be conducted. The SSP provided the framework for scientific investigations and remains the source for identifying how scientific studies should be undertaken to better understand the Salton Sea ecosystem. Based substantially on the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (1997) analysis of science needs, and in consultation with many stakeholders, the SSC authorized and funded a number of initial reconnaissance-level projects. The structure of this SoSS document follows the basic framework of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1997 report, placing emphasis on physical environment (air and water quality), biological environment (birds, fish, invertebrates, carbon, and algae), contaminants, and socioeconomics.  The SoSS meeting in 2014 was convened to build upon previous scientific efforts and to provide guidance to managers on what experts believe are the most critical science needs going forward. Experts were invited to participate in the SoSS meeting based on a review by the organizing committee of individuals with subject area expertise and experience working at the Salton Sea or in similar environments. The SoSS organizing committee presented a synopsis of known science to the gathered scientists, who were then tasked to evaluate the completeness of that science and make recommendations for science needs to fill information gaps. Participants were challenged to think and act independently of their organizational affiliation in order to generate conceptual proposals designed to address scientific and monitoring concerns identified by the managerial meeting participants.

Statement of E. Joaquin Esquivel, Chair, California State Water Resources Control Board Before the Water, Oceans, and Wildlife Subcommittee Hearing on Federal and State Efforts to Restore the Salton Sea

Salton Sea Authority | September 24th, 2020

Good afternoon Mr. Chairman and Members of the Committee. My name is Joaquin Esquivel and I am the Chair of the California State Water Resources Control Board. Th

Good afternoon Mr. Chairman and Members of the Committee. My name is Joaquin Esquivel and I am the Chair of the California State Water Resources Control Board. Thank you for the invitation to join you today to speak about the Salton Sea and the opportunity we all have to help bring attention to California’s largest lake.

Statement of Findings Regarding the Approval of the Big Valley Basin 2024 Groundwater Sustainability Plan

California Department of Water Resources (DWR) | February 27th, 2025

Statement of Findings regarding the Approval of the Sacramento Valley – Antelope Subbasin 2024 Groundwater Sustainability Plan

California Department of Water Resources (DWR) | February 27th, 2025

Statement of Findings Regarding the Determination of Inadequate Status of the San Joaquin Valley – Pleasant Valley Subbasin 2024 Groundwater Sustainability Plan

California Department of Water Resources (DWR) | February 27th, 2025

Statewide Perspective on Chemicals of Concern and Connections Between Stream Water Quality and Land Use

California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) | February 1st, 2012

The California Surface Waters Ambient Monitoring Program (SWAMP) is tasked with assessing water quality in all of California’s surface waters. The program

The California Surface Waters Ambient Monitoring Program (SWAMP) is tasked with assessing water quality in all of California’s surface waters. The program conducts monitoring directly and through collaborative partnerships, and provides numerous information products designed to support water resource management in California. The Stream Pollution Trends (SPoT) program is a statewide monitoring effort focused on the SWAMP priority of assessing the levels to which aquatic life beneficial uses are supported in California streams (SWAMP 2010). The program has three primary goals: Determine long-term trends in stream contaminant concentrations and effects statewide. Relate water quality indicators to land-use characteristics and management effort. Establish a network of sites throughout the state to serve as a backbone for collaboration with local, regional, and federal monitoring. The SPoT program is specifically designed to fill critical information needs for state, regional and local resource management programs, including Clean Water Act (CWA) §303d impaired waters listing, CWA §305b condition assessment, total maximum daily load (TMDL) assessment and allocation, non-point source program water quality assessment, stormwater and agricultural runoff management, pesticide registration and labeling, and local land use planning. SPoT is a long-term trends monitoring program that will help managers understand how water quality conditions are changing over time in relation to land use change and resource management practice implementation. This report covers the rst annual survey, so trends assessment will not begin until the second and third year surveys are included in the next SPoT report (due in 2012). The focus of this report is on identifying chemicals of concern and the watershed land uses associated with their presence in California streams. The data collected can be used in a space-for-time-swap approach to estimate the effect that further land use change (such as increasing urbanization) would have on stream water quality in California. The results indicate that, on a statewide basis, levels of most measured pollutants in stream sediment increased as urban land cover in their watersheds increased. Industrial compounds, some metals, and many pesticides were found at higher concentrations in urban watersheds than in agricultural or other watersheds statewide. Pyrethroid pesticides were detected in stream sediments from more than half of the SPoT watersheds, and were measured at concentrations associated with toxicity in more than a quarter of the total samples. DDTs and PCBs, both banned for more than three decades, are still commonly detected in California streams, with DDTs frequently exceeding sediment quality guidelines. PBDEs and PAHs were common in urban areas, and mercury was above guideline values in a small number of samples from urban watersheds and watersheds where it is geologically abundant. The data presented here describe the baseline condition for the SPoT long-term trends assessment. They also demonstrate a significant relationship between land use and stream pollution, and provide data directly relevant to a number of agency water quality protection programs.

Statistical Methods Development and Sampling Design Optimization to Support Trends Analysis for Loads of Polychlorinated Biphenyls from the Guadalupe River in San Jose, California, USA

San Francisco Estuary Institute (SFEI) | September 3rd, 2018

The Regional Monitoring Program for Water Quality in San Francisco Bay (RMP), with guidance from its Small Tributaries Loading Strategy (STLS) Team, has been conducting s

The Regional Monitoring Program for Water Quality in San Francisco Bay (RMP), with guidance from its Small Tributaries Loading Strategy (STLS) Team, has been conducting small tributary loading studies at several sites in the Bay Area since 2003. A current priority for the STLS is developing a strategy for measuring trends in pollutant loadings from small tributaries to the Bay.  This technical report presents the work to develop a statistical model for trends in loads of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and estimate the power for proposed monitoring designs as a basis for detecting trends for the Guadalupe River watershed (San Jose, California). The statistical approach builds upon the turbidity surrogate methodology that has been employed in the STLS since 2003. A novel, two-stage statistical modeling approach was used to incorporate the significant turbidity-PCB relationships that exist, and evaluate climatic, seasonal, and inter-annual factors as additional potential drivers of PCB loads. The longest-running time series of tributary monitoring by the STLS on the Guadalupe River was selected as the case study for developing and testing the statistical approach. As a result of this effort, a multiple linear regression model for detecting trends in PCB loads in the Guadalupe River was developed. 

Status and Trends of Delta-Suisun Services

California Department of Water Resources (DWR) | March 1st, 2007

Covering only about 1 percent of California’s area, the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, including Suisun Bay and Marsh (hereafter referred to as Delta-Suisun), contribute

Covering only about 1 percent of California’s area, the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, including Suisun Bay and Marsh (hereafter referred to as Delta-Suisun), contributes much more to the state and nation than one might expect from its small size. The Delta-Suisun provides a set of environmental and economic services whose benefits extend well beyond its borders. To help people gain a common understanding of these services, this report provides an overview of the existing status of these services and a perspective about how these services may change in the future. This report was prepared to highlight observations and to present a common understanding about the status and trends of key Delta-Suisun services. The Delta Risk Management Strategy (DRMS) is considering these observations while conducting a risk assessment for the Delta-Suisun and will report on its findings in spring 2007. Having a common understanding of the area’s services will benefit ongoing and new Delta-Suisun studies and initiatives. Information in this report will be considered by members of the Delta Vision Blue Ribbon Task Force and Stakeholder Coordination Group as they begin work on the Delta Vision and Strategic Plan.