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Policy Considerations for Managing Agricultural Nitrogen to Reduce Groundwater Contamination in California

California Roundtable on Agriculture and the Environment (CRAE) | May 28th, 2013

Summary

Recent research, including “The California Nitrogen Assessment”1 and the UC Davis Report for the SWRCB SBX2 1 Report to the Legislature2, has produced an important co

Recent research, including “The California Nitrogen Assessment”1 and the UC Davis Report for the SWRCB SBX2 1 Report to the Legislature2, has produced an important collection of data about how nitrogen compounds move in the environment. Members of the California Roundtable on Agriculture and the Environment (CRAE) share an interest in meaningfully addressing water quality challenges while maintaining a healthy and prosperous agriculture sector. Because of the serious health concerns associated with nitrate in groundwater, CRAE members agree that the immediate goal should be to find cost-effective solutions to cleaning up drinking water supplies or providing safe alternate sources of drinking water to affected communities. We support ongoing efforts, such as the governor’s Drinking Water Task Force, to address this important issue. While CRAE’s ultimate interest is in addressing the full range of water quality challenges related to agriculture—from drinking water to legacy issues, groundwater to surface water, and nitrate to Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs)—and supporting improved nutrient management broadly speaking, the group has chosen to focus specifically on the longer-term challenge of reducing nitrate loading in groundwater from agricultural sources. Recognizing that a range of research and policy processes to address the harmful impacts of excess reactive nitrogen-based compounds in the environment are ongoing, CRAE stakeholders agreed that a focus on preventing further contamination of groundwater from nitrate is an area where CRAE has a unique opportunity to contribute. Furthermore, we anticipate that approaches to reduce nitrate loading that adhere to the considerations below will simultaneously improve other challenges, including air quality, energy use, and climate change. Nitrate contamination is projected to increase in the coming years as legacy contributions work their way through the soil profile. The short-term remediation of groundwater basins is so costly as to be practically impossible. Therefore, CRAE has concentrated on intermediate and longer-term groundwater quality issues by helping to find practical solutions to groundwater quality challenges. Reflecting our membership composition, our focus is on the contribution of agricultural sources of nitrate in particular. CRAE has compiled the following set of key facts on our state of knowledge about nitrogen management and a set of considerations to inform related policy and programs focused on improving water quality.

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Policy for Implementation of Toxics Standards for Inland Surface Waters, Enclosed Bays, and Estuaries of California

California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) | March 17th, 2005

Summary

This state policy for water quality control (Policy), adopted by the State Water Resources Control Board on March 2, 2000 and effective by May 22, 2000 (See “Note” be

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Policy for Water Quality Control for Recycled Water (Recycled Water Policy)

California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) | June 21st, 2013

Summary

The purpose of this Policy is to increase the use of recycled water from municipal wastewater sources that meets the definition in Water Code section 13050(n), in a manne

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Pollutants of concern (POC) loads monitoring progress report, water years (WYs) 2012, 2013, and 2014

San Francisco Estuary Institute (SFEI) | July 1st, 2016

Summary

The San Francisco Regional Water Quality Control Board (Water Board) has determined that San Francisco Bay is impaired by mercury and PCBs due to threats to wildlife and

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Pollutants of concern (POC) reconnaissance monitoring final progress report, water year (WY) 2015

San Francisco Estuary Institute (SFEI) | June 6th, 2016

Summary

The San Francisco Bay mercury and PCB TMDLs called for implementation of control measures to reduce PCB and mercury loads entering the Bay via stormwater. Subsequently,

The San Francisco Bay mercury and PCB TMDLs called for implementation of control measures to reduce PCB and mercury loads entering the Bay via stormwater. Subsequently, the San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board (Regional Water Board) issued the first combined Municipal Regional Stormwater Permit (MRP). This first MRP contained provisions aimed at improving information on stormwater pollutant loads in selected watersheds (Provision C.8.) and piloted a number of management techniques to reduce PCB and Hg loading entering the Bay from smaller urbanized tributaries (Provisions C.11. and C.12.). In November 2015, the Regional Water Board issued the second MRP. “MRP 2.0” places an increased focus on finding watersheds, sources areas, and source properties that are potentially more polluted and are therefore more likely to be cost effective areas for addressing load reduction requirements through implementation of control measures. To support this increased focus, a stormwater characterization monitoring program was developed and implemented beginning in Water Year (WY) 2015. This same design is being implemented in the winter of WY 2016 by the RMP, the San Mateo Countywide Water Pollution Prevention Program and the Santa Clara Valley Urban Runoff Pollution Prevention Program. In addition, the RMP is piloting a project to explore the use of alternative un-manned “remote” suspended sediment samplers. During WY 2015, composite stormwater samples were collected from 20 watershed locations. At three of these locations, data were also collected using two remote suspended sediment sampler devices, both of which are designed to enhance settling and capture of suspended sediment particles from the water column. This report summarizes and provides a preliminary interpretation of data collected during WY 2015. The data collected is contributing to a broader effort to identify potential management areas. The report is designed to be updated in subsequent years as more data are collected.

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Pollutants of concern reconnaissance monitoring final progress report, water years 2015 and 2016

San Francisco Estuary Institute (SFEI) | June 1st, 2017

Summary

The San Francisco Bay mercury (Hg) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) called for implementation of control measures to reduce PCB and H

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Pollutants of Concern Reconnaissance Monitoring Progress Report, Water Years 2015-2018

San Francisco Estuary Institute (SFEI) | May 1st, 2019

Summary

The San Francisco Bay polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and mercury (Hg) total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) call for implementation of control measures to reduce PCB and Hg l

The San Francisco Bay polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and mercury (Hg) total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) call for implementation of control measures to reduce PCB and Hg loads entering the Bay via stormwater. In 2009, the San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board (Regional Water Board) issued the first Municipal Regional Stormwater Permit (MRP). This MRP contained provisions aimed at improving information on stormwater pollutant loads in selected watersheds (Provision C.8.) and piloted a number of management techniques to reduce PCB and Hg loading to the Bay from smaller urbanized tributaries (Provisions C.11. and C.12.). In 2015, the Regional Water Board issued the second iteration of the MRP. “MRP 2.0” placed an increased focus on identifying those watersheds, source areas, and source properties that are potentially the most polluted and are therefore most likely to be cost-effective areas for addressing load-reduction requirements. To support this increased focus, a stormwater reconnaissance monitoring field protocol was developed and implemented in water years (WYs) 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018. Most of the sites monitored were in Alameda, Santa Clara, and San Mateo Counties, with a few sites in Contra Costa and Solano Counties. At 60 sampling sites, time-weighted composite water samples were collected during individual storm events and analyzed for 40 PCB congeners, total Hg (HgT), and suspended sediment concentration (SSC). At a subset of sites, additional samples were analyzed for selected trace metals, organic carbon (OC), and grain size. Where possible, sampling efficiency was increased by sampling two or three sites during a single storm if the sites were near enough to one another that alternating between them was safe and rapid. This same field protocol is being implemented in the winter of WY 2019 by the RMP. The San Mateo Countywide Water Pollution Prevention Program and the Santa Clara Valley Urban Runoff Pollution Prevention Program have also implemented the sampling protocol with their own funding. During this study beginning in WY 2015, the RMP began piloting the use of un-staffed “remote” suspended sediment samplers (Hamlin samplers and Walling Tube samplers). These remote samplers were designed to enhance settling and capture of suspended sediment from the water column. At 10 of the manual sampling sites, a remote sample was collected using a Hamlin suspended sediment sampler in parallel with the manual sample, and at 9 sites, a remote sample was collected using a Walling Tube suspended sediment sampler in parallel with the manual sample.

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Pollutants of Concern Reconnaissance Monitoring Water Years 2015, 2016, and 2017

San Francisco Estuary Institute (SFEI) | July 2nd, 2018

Summary

The San Francisco Bay polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and mercury (Hg) total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) call for implementation of control measures to reduce PCB and Hg l

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Pollution Prevention (Resource Management Strategy)

California Department of Water Resources (DWR) | July 29th, 2016

Summary

Pollution prevention can be defined as the reducing or eliminating of waste at the source by modifying production processes, promoting the use of non-toxic or less toxic

Pollution prevention can be defined as the reducing or eliminating of waste at the source by modifying production processes, promoting the use of non-toxic or less toxic substances, the implementation of practices or conservation techniques including activities that reduce the generation and/or discharge of the pollutants, and the application of innovative and alternative technologies which prevent pollutants from entering the environment prior to treatment. These preventive activities can also include new equipment designs or technology, reformulation or redesign of products, substitution of raw materials, updating or improvements of existing management practices, continued maintenance of previously implemented management practices, training and education/outreach, and improved collaboration. Pollution prevention begins at the source. Sources of water quality pollution can be categorized into two types: point-source and non-point-source. In California, point-source pollution prevention is addressed through the Clean Water Enforcement and Pollution Prevention Act of 1999, Water Code Section 13263.3(d)(1), which authorizes the State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB), a regional water quality control board (RWQCB), or a publicly owned treatment works (POTW) to require a discharger to prepare and implement a pollution prevention plan. A point-source discharger is defined per Water Code Section 13263.3(c) as any entity required to obtain National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit or any entity subject to the federal pretreatment program. A non-point discharger is any discharger not covered by a NPDES permit. Pollution prevention can contribute to the protection of water quality for beneficial uses by protecting water at its source and therefore may reduce the need and cost for other water management and treatment options. By preventing pollution, restoring, and then protecting improved water quality throughout a watershed, water supplies can be used and reused by a greater number and types of downstream water uses. Protecting water quality through appropriate pollution prevention is consistent with a watershed management approach to water resources problems.

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Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in wastewater: Significance of unknown precursors, manufacturing shifts, and likely AFFF impacts

Water Research, Elsevier | May 15th, 2016

Summary

In late 2014, wastewater effluent samples were collected from eight treatment plants that discharge to San Francisco (SF) Bay in order to assess poly- and perfluoroalkyl

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Policy Considerations for Managing Agricultural Nitrogen to Reduce Groundwater Contamination in California

Policy for Implementation of Toxics Standards for Inland Surface Waters, Enclosed Bays, and Estuaries of California

Policy for Water Quality Control for Recycled Water (Recycled Water Policy)

Pollutants of concern (POC) loads monitoring progress report, water years (WYs) 2012, 2013, and 2014

Pollutants of concern (POC) reconnaissance monitoring final progress report, water year (WY) 2015

Pollutants of concern reconnaissance monitoring final progress report, water years 2015 and 2016

Pollutants of Concern Reconnaissance Monitoring Progress Report, Water Years 2015-2018

Pollutants of Concern Reconnaissance Monitoring Water Years 2015, 2016, and 2017

Pollution Prevention (Resource Management Strategy)

Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in wastewater: Significance of unknown precursors, manufacturing shifts, and likely AFFF impacts

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