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Ecological Health in the Nation’s Streams, 1993–2005

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) | July 2nd, 2013

Summary

This report summarizes a national assessment of the ecological health of streams done by the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) National Water-Quality Assessment Program (NA

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Ecological Limits of Hydrologic Alteration: Environmental Flows for Regional Water Management

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) | March 20th, 2008

Summary

Worldwide, water conflicts are escalating as cities, industries, agriculture, and energy producers compete for limited freshwater supplies. At the same time, there is a g

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Effects of ferric sulfate and polyaluminum chloride coagulation enhanced treatment wetlands on Typha growth, soil and water chemistry

Science of the Total Environment (Elsevier) | January 15th, 2019

Summary

Land surface subsidence is a concern in many deltas worldwide as it contributes to water quality degradation, loss of fertile land and increased potential for levee f

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Effects of Flow on Pesticides in Water and Zooplankton in the Northern Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta

University of California, Davis (UC Davis) | December 19th, 2025

Summary

Zooplankton are a key food source for juvenile fishes in estuaries worldwide, including California’s Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta (hereafter Delta); both zooplankton

Zooplankton are a key food source for juvenile fishes in estuaries worldwide, including California’s Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta (hereafter Delta); both zooplankton quality and quantity are critical to ecosystem health. Zooplankton may be affected by pesticides in water and the food web, and the Delta is known to contain complex pesticide mixtures. In this study, we evaluated pesticide concentrations in water and zooplankton in the northern Delta during (1) the summer–fall of 2017, 2018, and 2019, which included periods of augmented pulse flows from agriculture tailwater, and (2) across a full seasonal cycle from May 2019 to March 2020. We quantified changes in pesticide concentration in response to environmental factors. We found that zooplankton showed more frequent detections of hydrophobic pesticides compared to more frequent detections of hydrophilic compounds in water. Pesticide concentrations were influenced by flow, pesticide application, and season, but the effects of these environmental factors differed by habitat (Sacramento River or Yolo Bypass Toe Drain). Pesticides in water responded similarly to environmental factors in the Sacramento River and Yolo Bypass, whereas pesticides in zooplankton responded differently. In water, we found more detections and higher concentrations at higher flows in the Yolo Bypass and Sacramento River, but responses to pesticide application varied by habitat. Alternatively, pesticide concentrations in zooplankton increased in the Yolo Bypass with increasing flow (correlated with flow pulses) and changed seasonally; whereas, pesticide concentrations in zooplankton in the Sacramento River decreased at higher flows, and decreased with or did not respond to higher pesticide application in the watershed. Our study suggests that augmented flows—particularly those using agricultural tailwater—may have unintended negative ecological effects that could partially offset benefits to the food web and fishes in the northern Delta, underscoring the complex interplay among factors that drive increased pesticide exposure.

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Effects of imported recharge on fluoride trends in groundwater used for public supply in California

Science of the Total Environment (Elsevier) | March 31st, 2022

Summary

Fluoride is a naturally occurring element in groundwater that supports bone and dental health at low concentrations but can cause health problems at elevated concentrati

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Effects of salinity on olfactory toxicity and behavioral responses of juvenile salmonids from copper

Aquatic Toxicology (Elsevier) | April 4th, 2016

Summary

Dissolved copper is one of the more pervasive and toxic constituents of stormwater runoff and is commonly found in stream, estuary, and coastal marine habitats of juvenil

Dissolved copper is one of the more pervasive and toxic constituents of stormwater runoff and is commonly found in stream, estuary, and coastal marine habitats of juvenile salmon. While stormwater runoff does not usually carry copper concentrations high enough to result in acute lethality, they are of concern because sublethal concentrations of copper exposure have been shown to both impair olfactory function and alter behavior in various species in freshwater. To compare these results to other environments that salmon are likely to encounter, experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of salinity on the impairment of olfactory function and avoidance of copper. Copper concentrations well within the range of those found in urban watersheds, have been shown to diminish or eliminate the olfactory response to the amino acid, l-serine in freshwater using electro-olfactogram (EOG) techniques. The olfactory responses of both freshwater-phase and seawater-phase coho and seawater-phase Chinook salmon, were tested in freshwater or seawater, depending on phase, and freshwater-phase coho at an intermediate salinity of 10‰. Both 10‰ salinity and full strength seawater protected against the effects of 50 μg copper/L. In addition to impairing olfactory response, copper has also been shown to alter salmon behavior by causing an avoidance response. To determine whether copper will cause avoidance behavior at different salinities, experiments were conducted using a multi-chambered experimental tank. The circular tank was divided into six segments by water currents so that copper could be contained within one segment yet fish could move freely between them. The presence of individual fish in each of the segments was counted before and after introduction of dissolved copper (<20 μg/L) to one of the segments in both freshwater and seawater. To address whether use of preferred habitat is altered by the presence of copper, experiments were also conducted with a submerged structural element. The presence of sub-lethal levels of dissolved copper altered the behavior of juvenile Chinook salmon by inducing an avoidance response in both freshwater and seawater. While increased salinity is protective against loss of olfactory function from dissolved copper, avoidance could potentially affect behaviors beneficial to growth, survival and reproductive success.

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Effects of Sea‐Level Rise on Ground Water Flow in a Coastal Aquifer System

National Groundwater Association (NGWA) | January 29th, 2007

Summary

The effects of sea‐level rise on the depth to the fresh water/salt water interface were simulated by using a density‐dependent, three‐dimensional numerical ground w

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Effects of the South Delta Agricultural Barriers on Emigrating Juvenile Salmonids

California Department of Water Resources (DWR) | November 28th, 2018

Summary

The TBP is implemented in compliance with the terms and conditions of two NMFS Biological Opinions (BiOp) (NMFS 2008, 2009). To comply with the requirements of the NMFS

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Effects of Urban Development on Stream Ecosystems in Nine Metropolitan Study Areas Across the United States

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) | November 13th, 2012

Summary

Urban development is an important agent of environmental change in the United States. The urban footprint on the American landscape has expanded during a century and a ha

Urban development is an important agent of environmental change in the United States. The urban footprint on the American landscape has expanded during a century and a half of almost continuous development. Eighty percent of Americans now live in metropolitan areas, and the advantages and challenges of living in these developed areas—convenience, congestion, employment, pollution—are part of the day-to-day realities of most Americans. Nowhere are the environmental changes associated with urban development more evident than in urban streams. Contaminants, habitat destruction, and increasing streamflow flashiness resulting from urban development have been associated with the disruption of biological communities, particularly the loss of sensitive aquatic species. Every stream is connected downstream to larger water bodies, including rivers, reservoirs, and ultimately coastal waters. Inputs of chemical contaminants or sediments at any point along the stream can cause degradation downstream with adverse effects on biological communities and on economically valuable resources, such as fisheries and tourism. In response to general concerns about the degradation of urban streams, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conducted a national-scale, scientific investigation of the effects of urban development on stream ecosystems. Nine metropolitan study areas of the United States were selected—Portland, Oregon; Salt Lake City, Utah; Birmingham, Alabama; Atlanta, Georgia; Raleigh, North Carolina; Boston, Massachusetts; Denver, Colorado; Dallas, Texas; and Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The studies were conducted in Salt Lake City, Birmingham, and Boston in 1999–2000; in Atlanta, Raleigh, and Denver in 2002–2003; and in Portland, Dallas, and Milwaukee in 2003–2004. The comprehensive investigation of all nine studies focused on three broad questions of interest to decision makers: 1. What are the primary effects of urban development on stream ecosystems? 2. How do the effects of urban development on stream ecosystems vary regionally across the country? 3. Which urban-related stressors are most closely linked to biological community degradation, and how can multiple stressors be managed to protect stream health as a watershed becomes increasingly urbanized? RELATED DOCUMENT: Strategies for Managing the Effects of Urban Development on Streams

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Effects of vegetation on methylmercury concentrations and loads in a mercury contaminated floodplain

Science of The Total Environment (Elsevier) | August 3rd, 2023

Summary

The Yolo Bypass (YB) is a large flood conveyance system designed to protect the city of Sacramento, California, USA from flooding when the Sacramento River approaches flo

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Page : 32

Ecological Health in the Nation’s Streams, 1993–2005

Ecological Limits of Hydrologic Alteration: Environmental Flows for Regional Water Management

Effects of ferric sulfate and polyaluminum chloride coagulation enhanced treatment wetlands on Typha growth, soil and water chemistry

Effects of Flow on Pesticides in Water and Zooplankton in the Northern Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta

Effects of imported recharge on fluoride trends in groundwater used for public supply in California

Effects of salinity on olfactory toxicity and behavioral responses of juvenile salmonids from copper

Effects of Sea‐Level Rise on Ground Water Flow in a Coastal Aquifer System

Effects of the South Delta Agricultural Barriers on Emigrating Juvenile Salmonids

Effects of Urban Development on Stream Ecosystems in Nine Metropolitan Study Areas Across the United States

Effects of vegetation on methylmercury concentrations and loads in a mercury contaminated floodplain

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