Targeting climate diversity in conservation planning to build resilience to climate change

Ecological Society of America (Wiley) | April 24th, 2015

Climate change is raising challenging concerns for systematic conservation planning. Are methods based on the current spatial patterns of biodiversity effective g

Climate change is raising challenging concerns for systematic conservation planning. Are methods based on the current spatial patterns of biodiversity effective given long-term climate change? Some conservation scientists argue that planning should focus on protecting the abiotic diversity in the landscape, which drives patterns of biological diversity, rather than focusing on the distribution of focal species, which shift in response to climate change. Climate is one important abiotic driver of biodiversity patterns, as different climates host different biological communities and genetic pools. We propose conservation networks that capture the full range of climatic diversity in a region will improve the resilience of biotic communities to climate change compared to networks that do not. In this study we used historical and future hydro-climate projections from the high resolution Basin Characterization Model to explore the utility of directly targeting climatic diversity in planning. Using the spatial planning tool, Marxan, we designed conservation networks to capture the diversity of climate types, at the regional and sub-regional scale, and compared them to networks we designed to capture the diversity of vegetation types. By focusing on the Conservation Lands Network (CLN) of the San Francisco Bay Area as a real- world case study, we compared the potential resilience of networks by examining two factors: the range of climate space captured, and climatic stability to 18 future climates, reflecting different emission scenarios and global climate models. We found that the climate-based network planned at the sub-regional scale captured a greater range of climate space and showed higher climatic stability than the vegetation and regional based-networks. At the same time, differences among network scenarios are small relative to the variance in climate stability across global climate models. Across different projected futures, topographically heterogeneous areas consistently show greater climate stability than homogenous areas. The analysis suggests that utilizing high-resolution climate and hydrological data in conservation planning improves the likely resilience of biodiversity to climate change. We used these analyses to suggest new conservation priorities for the San Francisco Bay Area.

The Ahwahnee Water Principles

Local Government Commission | July 1st, 2006

In 2004,the Local Government Commission set out to identify effective,least-cost economically and politically viable options for sustainable water resources management at

In 2004,the Local Government Commission set out to identify effective,least-cost economically and politically viable options for sustainable water resources management at the local level. The LGC invited respected water resource policy, management and planning professionals – with experience at the federal,state and local levels – to craft a set of land use principles which would provide guidance to local officials and communities concerned about sustaining future water supplies. The process of developing the Ahwahnee Water Principles mirrored the LGC’s earlier Ahwahnee Principles for Resource-Efficient Communities, which were released in 1991. The Ahwahnee Principles presented a blueprint for elected officials to create compact, mixed-use,walkable,transit-oriented developments in their local communities,and have since paved the way for growing acceptance and inclusion of “smart growth”and the “New Urbanism”in local and regional land-use policies and practices.

The case for strategic and managed climate retreat

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) | August 23rd, 2019

Faced with global warming, rising sea levels, and the climate-related extremes they intensify, the question is no longer whether some communities will retreat�

Faced with global warming, rising sea levels, and the climate-related extremes they intensify, the question is no longer whether some communities will retreat—moving people and assets out of harm’s way—but why, where, when, and how they will retreat. To the extent that retreat is already happening, it is typically ad hoc and focused on risk reduction in isolation from broader societal goals. It is also frequently inequitable and often ignores the communities left behind or those receiving people who retreat. Retreat has been seen largely as a last resort, a failure to adapt, or a one-time emergency action; thus, little research has focused on retreat, leaving practitioners with little guidance. Such a narrow conception of retreat has limited decision-makers’ perception of the tools available and stilted innovation. We propose a reconceptualization of retreat as a suite of adaptation options that are both strategic and managed. Strategy integrates retreat into long-term development goals and identifies why retreat should occur and, in doing so, influences where and when. Management addresses how retreat is executed. By reconceptualizing retreat as a set of tools used to achieve societal goals, communities and nations gain additional adaptation options and a better chance of choosing the actions most likely to help their communities thrive.

The human factor in water disasters

Nature Portfolio (Springer Nature) | December 14th, 2023

When water inundated parts of New York City in September 2023, 28 people had to be rescued from their cars and basement apartments. Thankfully, no one died this time. In

When water inundated parts of New York City in September 2023, 28 people had to be rescued from their cars and basement apartments. Thankfully, no one died this time. In 2021, flooding in New York killed 11 people. Neighbourhoods in the city also flooded in 2020 and 2022, and it’s not just New York. Floods are becoming increasingly frequent and severe globally, as are droughts. Steve Bowen, chief science officer for reinsurance firm Gallagher Re in London, described the most recent New York floods on X (formerly Twitter) as “the latest example of ageing infrastructure built for a climate that no longer exists”. Such sentiments are common, and frequently followed by calls for more infrastructure: bigger levees and seawalls, larger pipes and stormwater tanks, and more dams, aqueducts and desalination plants.

The Untapped Potential of California’s Urban Water Supply: Water Efficiency, Water Reuse, and Stormwater Capture

Pacific Institute | April 12th, 2022

In this assessment, we quantify the potential for a range of water strategies in urbanized parts of California to both reduce inefficient and wasteful water uses and expa

In this assessment, we quantify the potential for a range of water strategies in urbanized parts of California to both reduce inefficient and wasteful water uses and expand local water supplies. This assessment finds that urban water-use efficiency improvements could reduce statewide urban water use by 2.0 million to 3.1 million acre-feet per year (AFY). The reuse potential of municipal wastewater is 1.8 million to 2.1 million AFY, and the stormwater capture potential is 580,000 AFY in a dry year to as much as 3.0 million AFY in a wet year. Previous assessments have shown that these efficiency and supply options are more cost effective than traditional – and increasingly hard to implement – options to expand supply. Programs to tap this potential would tremendously help solve California’s long-standing water problems.

Urban Ecological Planning Guide for Santa Clara Valley

San Francisco Estuary Institute (SFEI) | June 20th, 2019

Like most cities, the urbanized region of Santa Clara Valley is a challenging place for plants and animals to make a home. Largely covered with pavement, crisscrossed by

Like most cities, the urbanized region of Santa Clara Valley is a challenging place for plants and animals to make a home. Largely covered with pavement, crisscrossed by major freeways, and fragmented by a variety of land uses, the urban landscape creates barriers to the movement of wildlife and hostile environments for plants. While a small set of species tolerant of cities (such as pigeons and raccoons) can tolerate these difficult conditions, our cities have the potential to support much greater biodiversity. Urban greening projects are already occurring piecemeal across urban landscapes. Harnessing this momentum can help these efforts build greater benefits for biodiversity and for people.  Urban greening projects may take many forms, such as rain gardens beside roadways; bike trails with vegetated medians; planted and expanded riparian vegetation along stream corridors; and landscaping in corporate campuses, municipal parks and private gardens. While often driven by a narrow set of goals such as stormwater capture, public safety, shade, or beautification, these green spaces can be designed and coordinated to support enhanced biodiversity as well. Rain gardens can support native wetland plants, bike trail medians can support ribbons of wildflowers for native insects, street trees can shade pedestrians and provide acorns for birds and squirrels, and stream revegetation or daylighting projects can provide a reflective place for people and strengthen corridors for regional species movement. While each of these types of projects provides benefits, strategically designing these features to reflect ecologically-minded planning, and where possible, coordinating across the landscape, can provide value for humans and nature alike.  This document provides some of the scientific foundation needed to guide planning for urban biodiversity in the Santa Clara Valley region, grounded in an understanding of landscape history, urban ecology and local setting. It can be used to envision the ecological potential for individual urban greening projects, and to guide their siting, design and implementation. It also can be used to guide coordination of projects across the landscape, with the cooperation of a group of stakeholders (such as multiple agencies, cities and counties). Users of this report may include a wide range of entities, such as local nonprofits, public agencies, city planners, and applicants to the Open Space Authority’s Urban Open Space Grant Program.  This document is not intended to inform all aspects of site-specific planning. Much guidance on these topics is already available, and we reference some of those resources here. Rather, it is intended as a companion to existing materials, to inform a broader vision of how such site-scale projects can fit into the larger fabric of the Santa Clara Valley landscape. This document also recommends appropriate habitats and lists of their associated plants for the region, as well as general guidance on practical considerations related to project implementation. 

Urban Growth in California: Projecting Growth (2000–2050) Under Six Alternative Policy Scenarios and Assessing Impacts to Future Dispersal Corridors, Fire Threats, and Climate-Sensitive Agriculture

California Energy Commission (CEC) | July 31st, 2012

This paper documents the development of land use models that represent different urban growth policy scenarios for California, a contribution to the Public Interest Energ

This paper documents the development of land use models that represent different urban growth policy scenarios for California, a contribution to the Public Interest Energy Research (PIER) Climate Vulnerability and Assessment Project of 2010–2011. The research team produced six UPlan model runs that portray the following policies as footprint scenarios to 2050: Business as Usual, Smart Growth, Fire Adaptation, Infill, Conservation of Projected Connectivity for Plant Movement under Climate Change, and Conservation of Vulnerable Agricultural Lands. This paper compares the outputs from these six scenarios on outputs from three other PIER vulnerability studies: biodiversity, fire return interval, and agricultural sensitivity. While not directly targeting any conservation or agricultural objective, the Infill scenario preserved more open space for other use than any of the other scenarios. The results suggest that combining Infill objectives with other open space goals will produce better conservation goals for those objectives than merely directing growth away from landscape elements of conservation interest.

Urbanization alters atmospheric dryness through land evapotranspiration

Nature Portfolio (Springer Nature) | September 23rd, 2023

Urbanization and agriculture intensification jointly enlarge the spatial inequality of river water quality

Science of the Total Environment (Elsevier) | March 11th, 2023

Rivers are severely polluted by multiple anthropogenic stressors. An unevenly distributed landscape pattern can aggravate the deterioration of water quality in rivers. Id

Rivers are severely polluted by multiple anthropogenic stressors. An unevenly distributed landscape pattern can aggravate the deterioration of water quality in rivers. Identifying the impacts of landscape patterns on the spatial characteristics of water quality is helpful for river management and water sustainability. Herein we quantified the nationwide water quality degradation in China's rivers and analyzed its responses to spatial patterns of anthropogenic landscapes. The results showed that the spatial patterns of river water quality degradation had a strong spatial inequality and worsened severely in eastern and northern China. The spatial aggregation of agricultural/urban landscape and the water quality degradation exhibits high consistency. Our findings suggested that river water quality would further deteriorate from high spatial aggregation of cities and agricultures, which reminded us that the dispersion of anthropogenic landscape patterns might effectively alleviate water quality pressures.

Ventura County and Upper Santa Clara River Drainage Area Land and Water Use Survey, 1961

California Department of Water Resources (DWR) | April 15th, 1965

The pastoral rolling hills and  agricultural valleys of  Ventura County and the Upper Santa Clara River Drainage  Area are  experiencing rapid changes in land and 

The pastoral rolling hills and  agricultural valleys of  Ventura County and the Upper Santa Clara River Drainage  Area are  experiencing rapid changes in land and  water use. The rural character of the landscape had remained somewhat stable until the expanding perimeter of urban development of Los Angeles County spilled over into the area. Increasing industrial  decentralization in the Los Angeles area has also  brought light industry to Ventura County, and the resulting increase in employee population has afforded new opportunity for commercial service and  supply enterprises to develop. The increased momentum of industrial and residential development is paralleled by  an equivalent rise in  water utilization. As a result, additional water supplies must be developed to meet the  current and expanding needs of this area. This bulletin is one of a series presenting the results of land and water use studies made by the Department of Water Resources. It contains the results of a land and water use survey conducted in 1961 in Ventura County and the Upper Santa Clara River  Drainage Area in Los Angeles County. This report presents information on  urban and agricultural development in the study area, and the present and projected water requirements for this  cultural development.