Arsenic in California Drinking Water

Environmental Integrity Project | September 15th, 2016

More than three years after the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency found California in noncompliance with the federal Safe Drinking Water Act, 95 community water system

More than three years after the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency found California in noncompliance with the federal Safe Drinking Water Act, 95 community water systems in the state, serving more than 55,000 people, are still providing water with illegal levels of arsenic, according to an examination of state data for the last two years. Arsenic occurs naturally in the soil and groundwater in parts of California and is a known carcinogen that may also damage the developing brains of children and cause other health problems. Many of the people drinking excessive levels of arsenic are poor and/or Latino or African- American, with a cluster in the San Joaquin Valley. Nearly all have been exposed to excessive arsenic levels for at least five years and probably longer.

Arsenic, chromium, uranium, and vanadium in rock, alluvium, and groundwater, Mojave River and Morongo Areas, western Mojave Desert, southern California

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) | October 16th, 2023

Trace elements within groundwater that originate from aquifer materials and pose potential public-health hazards if consumed are known as geogenic contaminants. The geoge

Trace elements within groundwater that originate from aquifer materials and pose potential public-health hazards if consumed are known as geogenic contaminants. The geogenic contaminants arsenic, chromium, and vanadium can form negatively charged ions with oxygen known as oxyanions. Uranium complexes with bicarbonate and carbonate to form negatively charged ions having aqueous chemistry similar to oxyanions. The concentrations of arsenic, chromium, uranium, and vanadium in groundwater result from the combined effects of (1) geologic abundance within aquifer materials; (2) the fraction of these elements that have weathered from and sorbed to the surfaces of mineral grains and are potentially available to groundwater; and (3) the aqueous chemistry of dissolved oxyanions in groundwater during different redox conditions and pH, both of which are affected by hydrogeology, including the length of time groundwater has been in contact with aquifer materials. Concentrations of arsenic, chromium, uranium, and vanadium were measured in samples of (1) rock, surficial alluvium, and drill cuttings using portable (handheld) X-ray fluorescence (pXRF); (2) operationally defined fractions extractable from these materials; and (3) water from wells sampled between 2000 and 2018 within the 3,500 square mile Mojave River area and Morongo area of the western Mojave Desert, southern California.

Arsenic, Chromium, Uranium, and Vanadium in Rock, Arsenic, Chromium, Uranium, and Vanadium in Rock, Alluvium, and Groundwater, Mojave River and Morongo Alluvium, and Groundwater, Mojave River and Morongo Areas, Western Mojave Desert, Southern California

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) | October 16th, 2023

Trace elements within groundwater that originate from aquifer materials and pose potential public-health hazards if consumed are known as geogenic contaminants. The geoge

Trace elements within groundwater that originate from aquifer materials and pose potential public-health hazards if consumed are known as geogenic contaminants. The geogenic contaminants arsenic, chromium, and vanadium can form negatively charged ions with oxygen known as oxyanions. Uranium complexes with bicarbonate and carbonate to form negatively charged ions having aqueous chemistry similar to oxyanions. The concentrations of arsenic, chromium, uranium, and vanadium in groundwater result from the combined effects of (1) geologic abundance within aquifer materials; (2) the fraction of these elements that have weathered from and sorbed to the surfaces of mineral grains and are potentially available to groundwater; and (3) the aqueous chemistry of dissolved oxyanions in groundwater during different redox conditions and pH, both of which are affected by hydrogeology, including the length of time groundwater has been in contact with aquifer materials. Concentrations of arsenic, chromium, uranium, and vanadium were measured in samples of (1) rock, surficial alluvium, and drill cuttings using portable (handheld) X-ray fluorescence (pXRF); (2) operationally defined fractions extractable from these materials; and (3) water from wells sampled between 2000 and 2018 within the 3,500 square mile Mojave River area and Morongo area of the western Mojave Desert, southern California. ... The quality of water imported from northern California and infiltrated from ponds for groundwater recharge may be altered by naturally present trace elements, especially uranium in areas of agricultural land use or chromium within mafic alluvium. Introduction

As lockdowns lift, new hazards lurk in the water

Nature Portfolio (Springer Nature) | April 28th, 2020

As some regions prepare to lift the lockdowns in response to COVID-19, scientists who study water are worried about the potential for a secondary health crisis waiting

As some regions prepare to lift the lockdowns in response to COVID-19, scientists who study water are worried about the potential for a secondary health crisis waiting in the dormant plumbing of offices, gyms, restaurants and schools.

Assessing the Health of Southern California Streams

California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) | April 14th, 2011

There are over 4,200 miles of perennial streams in the coastal watersheds of Southern California. Effective protection and management of these resources require an unders

There are over 4,200 miles of perennial streams in the coastal watersheds of Southern California. Effective protection and management of these resources require an understanding of their overall health (or condition) and the major stressors that affect their condition. In 2009, major municipalities and counties and their state/federal regulatory counterparts got together to conduct the first comprehensive assessment of the health of streams in Southern California. The first year of a five year program was a great success: Over 120 sites were sampled and analyzed for biological community characteristics, chemical parameters, aquatic toxicity, and physical habitat condition.

Assessing the presence of current-use pesticides in mid-elevation Sierra Nevada streams using passive samplers, California, 2018–19

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) | February 9th, 2023

Passive sampler devices were deployed in six northern California streams five times between November 2018 and December 2019 to measure the presence or absence of current-

Passive sampler devices were deployed in six northern California streams five times between November 2018 and December 2019 to measure the presence or absence of current-use pesticides in surface water. In the targeted areas, there are reported pesticide uses for agriculture, commercial forestry, and rights of way maintenance along with unreported pesticide use at private residences and cannabis grow sites. The sites sampled in this study were not previously monitored for current-use pesticides. Streams in the Sierra Nevada foothills of northern California are important habitats for many sensitive species including salmonids, but the logistics of sampling these areas can be difficult using traditional water-quality sampling techniques, especially when sampling watersheds where contaminant transport is episodic. Chemcatcher passive sampling devices and silicone bands were deployed in these areas to concentrate pesticides for days to weeks at a time. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board, was responsible for developing passive sampler field deployment and laboratory analytical methods for current-use pesticides, providing pesticide measurements from streams in the study region, and determining how well passive samplers detect pesticides in these environments. Six sites were monitored during the study, and passive sampler extracts were analyzed for a total 155 current-use pesticides in this study. A total of 19 out of the 155 pesticides including 9 insecticides, 5 fungicides, and 5 herbicides were detected in extracts from passive samplers. The most frequently detected pesticides were the herbicides hexazinone and dithiopyr, the insecticides bifenthrin and methoxyfenozide, and the fungicide azoxystrobin.

Assessment of Interim Flow Water-Quality Data of the San Joaquin River Restoration Program and Implications for Fishes, California, 2009–11

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) | June 29th, 2015

After more than 50 years of extensive water diversion for urban and agriculture use, a major settlement was reached among the U.S. Departments of the Interior and Commerc

After more than 50 years of extensive water diversion for urban and agriculture use, a major settlement was reached among the U.S. Departments of the Interior and Commerce, the Natural Resources Defense Council, and the Friant Water Users Authority in an effort to restore the San Joaquin River. The settlement received Federal court approval in October 2006 and established the San Joaquin River Restoration Program, a multi-agency collaboration between State and Federal agencies to restore and maintain fish populations, including Chinook salmon, in the main stem of the river between Friant Dam and the confluence with the Merced River. This is to be done while avoiding or minimizing adverse water supply effects to all of the Friant Division contractors that could result from restoration flows required by the settlement. The settlement stipulates that water- and sediment-quality data be collected to help assess the restoration goals. This report summarizes and evaluates water-quality data collected in the main stem of the San Joaquin River between Friant Dam and the Merced River by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation for the San Joaquin River Restoration Program during 2009–11. This summary and assessment consider sampling frequency for adequate characterization of variability, sampling locations for sufficient characterization of the San Joaquin River Restoration Program restoration reach, sampling methods for appropriate media (water and sediment), and constituent reporting limits. After reviewing the water- and sediment-quality results for the San Joaquin River Restoration Program, several suggestions were made to the Fisheries Management Work Group, a division of the San Joaquin River Restoration Program that focuses solely on the reintroduction strategies and health of salmon and other native fishes in the river. Water-quality results for lead and total organic carbon exceeded the Surface Water Ambient Monitoring Program Basin Plan Objectives for the San Joaquin Basin, and results for copper exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticide Programs’ aquatic-life chronic and acute benchmarks for invertebrates. One sediment sample contained detections of pyrethroid pesticides bifenthrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, and total permethrin at concentrations above published chronic toxicity thresholds.

Assessment of the condition of San Francisco Bay Area depressional wetlands

California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) | March 23rd, 2017

Depressional wetlands are the most abundant, yet most threatened wetland type in California. Despite their relatively ubiquitous nature, they are poorly characterized, an

Depressional wetlands are the most abundant, yet most threatened wetland type in California. Despite their relatively ubiquitous nature, they are poorly characterized, and unlike streams, they are not subject to any systematic ambient monitoring and assessment in California. Consequently, decisions regarding protection, restoration, and management, such as issuance of Section 401 water quality certifications or prioritization of projects for wetland restoration grant funding, are usually made without the benefit of any regional context of condition, knowledge of predominant stressors, or rigorous documentation of reference conditions. The goals of this study were to apply tools for ambient monitoring of depressional wetlands in the San Francisco Bay region to accomplish the following: 1) To evaluate the regional condition of depressional wetlands in this portion of northern California, and 2) To evaluate the relationship between condition and stress by sampling both local stressors (intensity of direct wetland use, water chemistry, and sediment chemistry) and landscape stressors (adjacent land use, flow diversions, and road density). Once achieved, these goals should establish the foundation for developing a robust ambient depressional wetland monitoring program. This study included perennial (have surface water year round) and seasonal (lack surface water for part of the year) depressional wetlands as defined by Brinson (1993) located within the boundaries of the San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board. Depressional wetlands in this study includes both natural water bodies such as sag ponds and small lakes, as well as created wetlands such as abandoned or active stock ponds, aesthetic ponds, and irrigation/treatment ponds. Wetlands were not considered for this study if they were concrete lined, marine influenced, wastewater treatment ponds, livestock wastewater ponds, riverine (i.e., dominated by riverine hydrology), dry, or vernal pools. It is likely that a majority of wetlands sampled in this study would be considered waters of the State of California; the field teams did not perform a regulatory-based delineation of a wetland as part of this study. Thirty wetlands in the San Francisco Bay area were sampled during the spring of 2014, including both perennial and seasonal wetlands. The proportion of wetlands in the region considered “likely intact” (scores in the upper 50th percentile of the range found at reference sites) varied by indicator.

Assessment of the condition of Southern California depressional wetlands

California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) | April 18th, 2016

Application of Macroinvertebrate, Diatom and Overall Condition Indices for Assessing Southern California Depressional Wetlands Depressional wetlands are the most abund

Application of Macroinvertebrate, Diatom and Overall Condition Indices for Assessing Southern California Depressional Wetlands Depressional wetlands are the most abundant, yet most threatened wetland type in California. Despite their relatively ubiquitous nature, they are poorly characterized, and unlike streams, they are not subject to any systematic monitoring and assessment. Consequently, decisions regarding protection, restoration, and management are usually made without the benefit of any regional context of condition, knowledge of predominant stressors, or rigorous documentation of reference conditions. Ambient monitoring of depressional wetlands can be a critical tool to inform management decisions. However, before such a program can be implemented, biological assessment tools must be evaluated, validated, and modified (if necessary). Once these steps are completed, preliminary assessments can begin to provide answers to critical questions regarding wetland condition and key stressors. The goals of this study were 1) to adapt three readily available bioassessment tools for assessing depressional wetland condition in southern California. This included a statewide rapid assessment method that had been calibrated and validated for depressional wetlands (CRAM) but had no prior use in a regional assessment program, a macroinvertebrate index developed for depressional wetlands from a different geography (northern California), and a benthic diatom index which had been developed for a different habitat type (wadeable streams). 2) To evaluate the regional condition of depressional wetlands in southern California using the adapted tools. 3) To evaluate the relationship between condition and stress by sampling both local stressors (intensity of direct wetland use, water chemistry and sediment toxicity) and landscape stressors (adjacent land use, flow diversions, road density). Once achieved, these goals should establish the foundation for developing a robust and ongoing depressional wetland ambient monitoring program. This study included perennial or seasonal depressional wetlands as defined by Brinson (1993) located within the boundaries of the Los Angeles, Santa Ana, and San Diego Regional Water Quality Control Boards. Wetlands were not considered for this study if they were concrete-lined, marine-influenced, treatment ponds, livestock wastewater ponds, riverine (i.e. dominated by riverine hydrology), dry (i.e. not seasonal), or on-military bases (due to access issues). Vernal pools were also excluded; while these are considered a subclass of depressional wetlands, they represent a distinct wetland habitat that is typically evaluated with specific methods. Furthermore, given their rarity and ecological sensitivity they are often assessed through focused studies.

At Risk: Public Supply Well Vulnerability Under California’s Sustainable Groundwater Management Act

Pacific Institute | June 1st, 2021