South Lahontan

Influence of fine particle content in debris flows on alluvial fan morphology

Nature Portfolio (Springer Nature) | December 16th, 2022

Alluvial fans are large-scale depositional structures commonly found at the base of mountain ranges. They are relatively soil-rich compared to the rocky terrains, or catc

Alluvial fans are large-scale depositional structures commonly found at the base of mountain ranges. They are relatively soil-rich compared to the rocky terrains, or catchment areas, from which their material originates. When frequented by debris flows (massive, muddy, rocky flows) they contribute significantly to local hazards as they carry focused, collisional, fast-moving materials across alluvial fans, unpredictable in size, speed, and direction. We research how fine particle content in debris flows correlates with directional changes, i.e., debris flow avulsions. Toward this, we analyzed field data from two neighboring alluvial fans in the White Mountains (California, USA) that exhibit dramatically different topographies despite their proximity and associated similar long-term climates. Informed by these measurements, we performed long-term and incremental alluvial fan experiments built by debris flows with systematically-varied fine particle content. We found that (1) decreasing fine particle content increases the variability of fan slopes and associated channelization dynamics, and (2) for all mixtures longer-term continuous alluvial fan experiments form more complex surface channelizations than repeated flows for the same total time, indicating the importance of both particle sizes and timescales on alluvial fan surface morphology.

Influence of temperature and precipitation variability on near-term snow trends

Climatic Change (Springer) | October 17th, 2014

Snow is a vital resource for a host of natural and human systems. Global warming is projected to drive widespread decreases in snow accumulation by the end of the century

Snow is a vital resource for a host of natural and human systems. Global warming is projected to drive widespread decreases in snow accumulation by the end of the century, potentially affecting water, food, and energy supplies, seasonal heat extremes, and wildfire risk. However, over the next few decades, when the planning and implementation of current adaptation responses are most relevant, the snow response is more uncertain, largely because of uncertainty in regional and local precipitation trends. We use a large (40-member) single-model ensemble climate model experiment to examine the influence of precipitation variability on the direction and magnitude of near-term Northern Hemisphere snow trends. We find that near-term uncertainty in the sign of regional precipitation change does not cascade into uncertainty in the sign of regional snow accumulation change. Rather, temperature increases drive statistically robust consistency in the sign of future near-term snow accumulation trends, with all regions exhibiting reductions in the fraction of precipitation falling as snow, along with mean decreases in late-season snow accumulation. However, internal variability does create uncertainty in the magnitude of hemispheric and regional snow changes, including uncertainty as large as 33 % of the baseline mean. In addition, within the 40-member ensemble, many mid-latitude grid points exhibit at least one realization with a statistically significant positive trend in net snow accumulation, and at least one realization with a statistically significant negative trend. These results suggest that the direction of near-term snow accumulation change is robust at the regional scale, but that internal variability can influence the magnitude and direction of snow accumulation changes at the local scale, even in areas that exhibit a high signal-to-noise ratio.

Information Needs for Water Markets: Fair and Effective Water Markets Require Adequate Measurement and Reporting of Diversion and Use

University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley) | November 14th, 2024

Interbasin flow in the Great Basin with special reference to the southern Funeral Mountains and the source of Furnace Creek springs, Death Valley, California, U.S.

Journal of Hydrology (Elsevier) | May 5th, 2009

Interbasin flow in the Great Basin has been established by scientific studies during the past century. While not occurring uniformly between all basins, its occurrence is

Interbasin flow in the Great Basin has been established by scientific studies during the past century. While not occurring uniformly between all basins, its occurrence is common and is a function of the hydraulic gradient between basins and hydraulic conductivity of the intervening rocks. The Furnace Creek springs in Death Valley, California are an example of large volume springs that are widely accepted as being the discharge points of regional interbasin flow. The flow path has been interpreted historically to be through consolidated Paleozoic carbonate rocks in the southern Funeral Mountains. This work reviews the preponderance of evidence supporting the concept of interbasin flow in the Death Valley region and the Great Basin and addresses the conceptual model of pluvial and recent recharge [Nelson, S.T., Anderson, K., Mayo, A.L., 2004. Testing the interbasin flow hypothesis at Death Valley, California. EOS 85, 349; Anderson, K., Nelson, S., Mayo, A., Tingey, D., 2006. Interbasin flow revisited: the contribution of local recharge to high-discharge springs, Death Valley, California. Journal of Hydrology 323, 276–302] as the source of the Furnace Creek springs. We find that there is insufficient modern recharge and insufficient storage potential and permeability within the basin-fill units in the Furnace Creek basin for these to serve as a local aquifer. Further, the lack of high sulfate content in the spring waters argues against significant flow through basin-fill sediments and instead suggests flow through underlying consolidated carbonate rocks. The maximum temperature of the spring discharge appears to require deep circulation through consolidated rocks; the Tertiary basin fill is of insufficient thickness to generate such temperatures as a result of local fluid circulation. Finally, the stable isotope data and chemical mass balance modeling actually support the interbasin flow conceptual model rather than the alternative presented in Nelson et al. [Nelson, S.T., Anderson, K., Mayo, A.L., 2004. Testing the interbasin flow hypothesis at Death Valley, California. EOS 85, 349] and Anderson et al. [Anderson, K., Nelson, S., Mayo, A., Tingey, D., 2006. Interbasin flow revisited: the contribution of local recharge to high-discharge springs, Death Valley, California. Journal of Hydrology 323, 276– 302]. In light of these inconsistencies, interbasin flow is the only readily apparent explanation for the large spring discharges at Furnace Creek and, in our view, is the likely explanation for most large volume, low elevation springs in the Great Basin. An understanding of hydrogeologic processes that control the rate and direction of ground-water flow in eastern and central Nevada is necessary component of regional water-resource planning and management of alluvial and bedrock aquifers.

Interbasin water transfers in the United States and Canada

Nature Portfolio (Springer Nature) | January 13th, 2023

Interbasin water transfers (IBTs) can have a significant impact on the environment, water availability, and economies within the basins importing and exporting water, as

Interbasin water transfers (IBTs) can have a significant impact on the environment, water availability, and economies within the basins importing and exporting water, as well as basins downstream of these water transfers. The lack of comprehensive data identifying and describing IBTs inhibits understanding of the role IBTs play in supplying water for society, as well as their collective hydrologic impact. We develop three connected datasets inventorying IBTs in the United States and Canada, including their features, geospatial details, and water transfer volumes. We surveyed the academic and gray literature, as well as local, state, and federal water agencies, to collect, process, and verify IBTs in Canada and the United States. Our comprehensive IBT datasets represent all known transfers of untreated water that cross subregion (US) or subdrainage area (CA) boundaries, characterizing a total of 641 IBT projects. The infrastructure-level data made available by these data products can be used to close water budgets, connect water supplies to water use, and better represent human impacts within hydrologic and ecosystem models.

Introducing Time-Limited Permits to California’s Riparianism

University of California, Davis (UC Davis) | December 1st, 2023

Investigation on the Feasibility of Developing Uniformwater Recycling Criteria ror Direct Potable Reuse

California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) | December 1st, 2016

The population of California is projected to increase from 38 million to 50 million by the year 2049. This population increase will have a dramatic impact on the water ne

The population of California is projected to increase from 38 million to 50 million by the year 2049. This population increase will have a dramatic impact on the water needs of the State. To address this increased water need, the State will take a variety of actions as outlined in the Governor’s California Water Action Plan, first released in 2014 and recently updated in 2016 (CA Natural Resources Agency, 2016). One component of that plan is to increase the use of recycled water. The State Water Board has set a mandate of increasing the use of recycled water by 200,000 acre-foot per year (AFY) by 2020 and an additional 300,000 AFY by 2030. Although the use of recycled water for non-potable uses such as agricultural and landscape irrigation is already well established and has been regulated for decades in California, increasing the use of recycled water for both non-potable uses as well as a source of potable water (“potable reuse”) is important for the State to be able to meet this mandate. For example, groundwater replenishment (groundwater recharge), which is an indirect form of potable reuse, has the capacity to reuse 200,000 acre-feet of recycled water a year via just eight projects throughout California. Accordingly, the State Water Board revised and adopted uniform water recycling criteria for groundwater replenishment in 2014 and is in the process of establishing uniform water recycling criteria for the augmentation of surface water reservoirs used as a source of drinking water supply, which is another form of indirect potable reuse.

Inyo County: Monitoring Groundwater Dependent Vegetation to Inform Groundwater Management

Nature Conservancy | August 1st, 1989

Inyo County and the City of Los Angeles have shown innovative and progressive leadership in the protection of groundwater dependent ecosystems in Owens Valley,

Inyo County and the City of Los Angeles have shown innovative and progressive leadership in the protection of groundwater dependent ecosystems in Owens Valley, and thanks to a landmark agreement between Inyo County and the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP), the outlook for groundwater dependent ecosystems (GDEs) in this area is promising. In 1991, the Inyo/Los Angeles Long-Term Water Agreement (Agreement) established an elaborate system to manage groundwater pumping by LADWP to avoid substantial declines in groundwater dependent vegetation in the Owens Valley. Implemented to settle the County’s 1971 CEQA challenge of LADWP’s proposed method to fill its second aqueduct, the Agreement resolved years of litigation between the County and LADWP.

Irrigation Water Use in the Central Valley of California

California Department of Water Resources (DWR) | January 1st, 1985

It is the Discharge

National Groundwater Association (NGWA) | September 1st, 2007

We all know the mantra Keep It Simple—the principle KISS. I have been thinking of another mantra for ground water—It Is the Discharge. Let me explain: In a re

We all know the mantra Keep It Simple—the principle KISS. I have been thinking of another mantra for ground water—It Is the Discharge. Let me explain: In a recent conversation with one of my distinguished colleagues, he bemoaned our lack of understanding of ground water recharge. I keep thinking about that conversation. In a broad sense as hydrogeologists, we are hoping to understand how aquifer systems function, more particularly how much water is flowing through a particular system—the focus on recharge is simply one facet of the larger task. In studying the system, there are at least three aspects that we can focus on—(1) the recharge; (2) the aquifer itself as a transmission mechanism; and (3) the discharge from the aquifer.