North Lahontan

Subsurface water flux in California's Central Valley and its source watershed from space geodesy

American Geophysical Union (AGU) | September 29th, 2022

We combine measurements from Global Positioning System positioning and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment gravity to infer change in water components in Central Vall

We combine measurements from Global Positioning System positioning and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment gravity to infer change in water components in Central Valley and its source watershed, the Sacramento-San Joaquin-Tulare River basin better than possible with either technique separately. We find that the Central Valley has lost groundwater from 2006 to 2021 at 2.2 ± 0.7 km 3/ yr (95% confidence limits follow the “±” sign), with 2/3 of the groundwater loss occurring in the southern part of the Valley. We estimate the seasonal recharge and loss of subsurface water in the Central Valley. Comparison to a model accounting for precipitation, evapotranspiration, and river water entering and leaving the Central Valley suggests that deep groundwater may be flowing from the Sierra Nevada mountains into the Central Valley.

Sustainable Landscapes in California: A Guidebook for Commercial and Industrial Site Managers

Pacific Institute | August 20th, 2020

Sustainable landscaping offers a solution in balance with the local climate and ecology, and actively contributes to community and watershed health by providing economic,

Sustainable landscaping offers a solution in balance with the local climate and ecology, and actively contributes to community and watershed health by providing economic, social, and environmental benefits. This guidebook provides simple steps to consider, select, and install sustainable landscaping. Aimed specifically at businesses and communities in California, the guidebook includes information on turf replacement, installation of bioswales and rain gardens, permeable pavement, green roofs, and rain tanks and cisterns. Self-assessments guide the user through the selection and installation process.

Tahoe: State of the Lake Report 2025

University of California, Davis (UC Davis) | July 18th, 2025

UC Davis has conducted research at Lake Tahoe since 1950, and scientists from UC Davis Tahoe Environmental Research Center have been monitoring conditions at the lake con

UC Davis has conducted research at Lake Tahoe since 1950, and scientists from UC Davis Tahoe Environmental Research Center have been monitoring conditions at the lake continuously since 1968. This has created a unique document of change for one of the world’s most iconic and vulnerable lakes.

Taming wildfires in the context of climate change: The case of the United States

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) | January 22nd, 2024

Shifts in climate cycles (e.g., Pacific Decadal Oscillation, El Niño-Southern Oscillation), combined with ongoing changes in drought, temperature and snowmelt, together,

Shifts in climate cycles (e.g., Pacific Decadal Oscillation, El Niño-Southern Oscillation), combined with ongoing changes in drought, temperature and snowmelt, together, have contributed to the overall warmer, drier conditions that fuel extreme wildfires (Environmental Protection Agency, 2022[4]; Kitzberger et al., 2007[10]; Westerling, 2016[11]). The period with the largest increase in area burned coincides with many of the warmest years on record nationwide (Environmental Protection Agency, 2022[4]). Such changes are especially visible in the western United States, where the peak extent of area burned now occurs about one month earlier than just two decades ago. Other factors including longer dry seasons and drier soils and vegetation are increasingly creating the conditions for catastrophic wildfires (Environmental Protection Agency, 2022[4]; US Global Change Research Program, 2018[9]). Wildfires are also further spreading into areas historically unaccustomed to fire, including high elevation areas in the west of the country (Figure 1.2) (OECD, 2023[2]; Alizadeh et al., 2021[12]), which may be less prepared for wildfires and potentially harmed by its impacts.

Targeting Public Trust Suits

Social Science Research Network (SSRN) | February 22nd, 2021

The California public trust doctrine empowers private individuals and interest groups to protect the public trust and to enforce state laws that protect the public trust.

The California public trust doctrine empowers private individuals and interest groups to protect the public trust and to enforce state laws that protect the public trust. California has long led the development of the doctrine in the United States, becoming the first state to allow citizen suits to protect the public trust in 1971. A number of other states have followed California’s lead, resulting in a significant expansion in environmental standing. This broadened standing seems to be settled law. In contrast, two California Court of Appeal decisions create some uncertainty about appropriate defendants in public trust lawsuits. These decisions counsel some caution as private parties pick their targets for public trust litigation.

The 1976–1977 California drought: A review

California Department of Water Resources (DWR) | May 1st, 1978

This is the fifth and final Department of Water Resources' report on the 1976-1977 California drought, the worst in the state's history, which saw 1076, the fourth driest

This is the fifth and final Department of Water Resources' report on the 1976-1977 California drought, the worst in the state's history, which saw 1076, the fourth driest year of record, give way to 1977, the driest ever. These reports provide the most comprehensive documentation of a drought in history.  

The 2025-26 Budget: Proposition 4 Spending Plan

Legislative Analyst's Office (LAO) | February 12th, 2025

The Agricultural Significance of Sunshine as Illustrated in California

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) | September 4th, 1919

The Alkaline and Boracic Lakes of California

Scientific American | July 7th, 1877

Immediately east of the range of the Sierra Nevada is an extensive region of alkaline lakes and hot springs, of which very large areas are almost totally barren, the onl

Immediately east of the range of the Sierra Nevada is an extensive region of alkaline lakes and hot springs, of which very large areas are almost totally barren, the only vegetation consisting of wild sage, yucca, a few cacti, and scanty tufts of bunch-grass. This district affords, in its many extensive craters and in its lavas, basalts, and obsidians, the most conclusive evidence of its volcanic origin, while its solfataras and boiling springs may be regarded as the last representatives of active volcanicity. Although this region is one of great scientific interest, and may eventually become industrially important, it appears to be but little known in this country, and it has therefore been thought that a brief description of the district, as well as that of the borax lakes, lying on the western side of the Sierra, might not be without interest to English readers. The most remarkable of the alkaline lakes of this portion of California are Mono and Owens Lakes.

The Application of Ground-Water Flow Models as Predictive Tools—A Review of Two Ground-Water Models of Eastern Honey Lake Valley, California-Nevada

Geological Society of America (GSA) | January 9th, 1992

In the late 1980's Washoe County, Nevada, entered into an agreement with a private water development company to develop and export groundwater from the Nevada portion of

In the late 1980's Washoe County, Nevada, entered into an agreement with a private water development company to develop and export groundwater from the Nevada portion of the arid Honey Lake Valley to the rapidly growing Reno-Sparks area. The proposed project is known as the Truckee Meadows Project (TMP). Honey Lake Valley is 35 mi north of Reno, Nevada; but is located predominantly in California. Computer groundwater models of the valley were prepared by the USGS and the TMP proponents and presented to the Nevada State Engineer to evaluate the impacts of the proposed exportation of 15,000 ac-ft annually from eastern Honey Lake Valley. By using assumptions, numbers, and data which are not justified by the scientific data, both models place unreasonable and, in some instances, artificial constraints on the geology and hydrogeology of the groundwater system rather than allowing the geology and hydrogeology to constrain the models. Neither model is useful as a predictive tool. However, the major problems with the two models fall into two fundamentally different classes. The USGS model exceeded the technical limitations of the model code and made large, inappropriate adjustments to the water budget to compensate for these undetected errors. The TMP model used a water budget that was not technically justified or explained and placed the spatial distribution of ground-water recharge and discharge beyond the realm of hydrogeologic reality.