Central Coast

Groundwater Quality in the Santa Barbara Coastal Plain, California

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) | August 1st, 2016

Groundwater provides more than 40 percent of California’s drinking water. To protect this vital resource, the State of California established the Groundwater Ambient Mo

Groundwater provides more than 40 percent of California’s drinking water. To protect this vital resource, the State of California established the Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program. The Priority Basin Project of the GAMA Program provides a comprehensive assessment of the State’s groundwater quality and increases public access to groundwater-quality information. The Santa Barbara Coastal Plain is one of the study units. The Santa Barbara study unit covers more than 48 square miles in the Transverse and Selected Peninsular Ranges hydrogeologic province and includes parts of Santa Barbara and Ventura Counties (Davis and Kulongoski, 2016). The study unit is flanked by the Santa Ynez Mountains on the north and the Pacific Ocean on the south. The study unit consists of five coastal plain groundwater basins (California Department of Water Resources, 2003). These five groundwater basins are Goleta, Foothill, Santa Barbara, Carpinteria, and Montecito, from west to east.

Groundwater Quality in the South Coast Interior Basins, California

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) | May 14th, 2014

The South Coast Interior Basins (SCI) study unit covers approximately 653 square miles and consists of the Livermore, Gilroy-Hollister, Cuyama Valley, Castac Lake Valley,

The South Coast Interior Basins (SCI) study unit covers approximately 653 square miles and consists of the Livermore, Gilroy-Hollister, Cuyama Valley, Castac Lake Valley, Cuddy Canyon Valley, Cuddy Ranch Area, Cuddy Valley, and Mil Potrero groundwater basins (California Department of Water Resources, 2003). These basins were grouped into three study areas based on geography: Livermore (LIV), Gilroy (GIL), and Cuyama (CUY) (Mathany and others, 2009). Average annual precipitation across the study unit varies among the three study areas—from more than 20 inches (in.) along the northwest margin of the LIV study area to less than 8 in. in the northern parts of the CUY study area. The study areas are drained by the Arroyo de la Laguna canal in LIV, the Pájaro River and the San Benito River in GIL, and the Cuyama River in CUY. The primary aquifer system consists of Plio-Pleistocene sedimentary formations, Tertiary to Holocene-age alluvial sedimentary sequences, and unconfined Holocene- age and Pleistoceneage alluvium. The primary aquifer system is defined as those parts of the aquifers corresponding to the perforated intervals of the public-supply wells listed in the California Department of Public Health (CDPH) database. Public-supply wells in the study unit are typically drilled to depths between 200 and 600 feet, consist of solid casing from the land surface to a depth of about 50 to 350 feet, and are perforated below the solid casing. Water quality in the primary aquifer system may differ from that in the shallower and deeper parts of the aquifer system. Land use within 500-meter buffer areas around the wells in the study unit is approximately 44 percent (%) agricultural, 29% urban, and 27% natural. Agricultural lands are mostly orchards, row crops, vineyards, or pastures. The largest urban areas are the cities of Livermore and Gilroy. Recharge to groundwater basins occurs as infiltration of spring and streamflow, direct infiltration of precipitation and irrigation, subsurface inflow, and engineered recharge (percolation ponds and river regulation). The primary sources of groundwater discharge are water pumped for irrigation and municipal supply, discharge to rivers and streams, and evaporation.

Groundwater quality near an oil field in a stream-dominated recharge setting, California, USA

PLOS | February 12th, 2026

Alluvial valley aquifers are important sources of water supply in many areas but effects of co-located oil and gas development on these resources have not been widely rep

Alluvial valley aquifers are important sources of water supply in many areas but effects of co-located oil and gas development on these resources have not been widely reported, especially in settings where recharge is dominated by stream infiltration. Interpreting the presence of geochemical indicators in the context of hydrology, geology, and other factors provides a more complete understanding of the relations between groundwater and sources of oil-field fluids and aids in identifying risks associated with oil and gas development. Groundwater and Salinas River water samples were collected in an alluvial valley near the San Ardo Oil Field in Monterey County, California and analyzed for a wide range of dissolved chemical, gas, and isotopic constituents to determine if oil-field fluids (water and gas from oil-producing and non-producing zones) have mixed with fresh groundwater used for supply. Hydraulic gradients, age-dating tracers, and other geochemical indicators showed that recharge from the Salinas River has the potential to dilute oil-field fluids that might migrate or seep into the aquifer. Groundwater and Salinas River water collected downgradient of the San Ardo Oil Field showed little or no evidence of mixing with oil-field fluids. Some samples within the oil field contained trace amounts of hydrocarbons or elevated temperatures, indicating that any potential effects from oil-field activities are minor or have been diluted by recharge from the Salinas River. The two samples with the most geochemical evidence of potential mixing with oil-field fluids (SP-18 and GW-17) were collected west of or along the Los Lobos fault, where naturally occurring hydrocarbons are near the land surface. Those samples were also collected near active or inactive oil-field wells, and so anthropogenic activities and pathways could not be ruled out as a cause of trace detections of hydrocarbons and elevated temperatures in the aquifer.

Groundwater Sustainability Plan for the Santa Ynez River Valley Groundwater Basin, Central Management Area

Santa Ynez River Valley Basin Groundwater Sustainability Agency, Central Management Area | January 3rd, 2022

This Groundwater Sustainability Plan (GSP) is prepared in accordance with the 2014 Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA) and covers the Central Management Area (C

This Groundwater Sustainability Plan (GSP) is prepared in accordance with the 2014 Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA) and covers the Central Management Area (CMA) of the Santa Ynez River Valley Groundwater Basin (Basin or SYRVGB) located in coastal central California. There is one principal aquifer in the CMA: the Buellton Aquifer which covers the Buellton Upland and the older formations that lie under the Santa Ynez River alluvium near the City of Buellton. The Santa Ynez River is the primary surface water source within the Basin. The underflow of the Santa Ynez River is considered part of the river flow and is managed as surface water pursuant to the administrative authority and jurisdiction of the State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) over waters flowing in known and definite channels. The analyses conducted for this GSP indicate that current Basin conditions are sustainable and no undesirable results (defined as significant and unreasonable impacts to sustainability indicators) are occurring. Potential undesirable results have been identified and specific minimum thresholds have been developed to help ensure that undesirable results do not occur under future conditions. Potential project operations and management actions designed to maintain and improve groundwater conditions and sustainability have been identified and are described within this GSP.

Groundwater Sustainability Plan Implementation: A Guide to Annual Reports, Periodic Evaluations, and Plan Amendments

California Department of Water Resources (DWR) | October 15th, 2023

This document provides guidance to groundwater sustainability agencies (GSAs) preparing Annual Reports, Periodic Evaluations, and Groundwater Sustainability Plan (GSP or

This document provides guidance to groundwater sustainability agencies (GSAs) preparing Annual Reports, Periodic Evaluations, and Groundwater Sustainability Plan (GSP or Plan) Amendments under the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA or Act) and the GSP Regulations. This guidance document does not create any new requirements or obligations for GSAs but is intended to clarify the necessary content of the documents already required by SGMA and the GSP Regulations.

Groundwater-dependent ecosystem map exposes global dryland protection needs

Nature Portfolio (Springer Nature) | July 17th, 2024

Groundwater-Quality Data in the Santa Cruz, San Gabriel, and Peninsular Ranges Hard Rock Aquifers Study Unit, 2011–2012: Results from the California GAMA Program

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) | December 11th, 2014

Groundwater quality in the 2,400-square-mile Santa Cruz, San Gabriel, and Peninsular Ranges Hard Rock Aquifers (Hard Rock) study unit was investigated by the U.S. Geologi

Groundwater quality in the 2,400-square-mile Santa Cruz, San Gabriel, and Peninsular Ranges Hard Rock Aquifers (Hard Rock) study unit was investigated by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) from March 2011 through March 2012, as part of the California State Water Resources Control Board (SWRCB) Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program’s Priority Basin Project (PBP). The GAMA-PBP was developed in response to the California Groundwater Quality Monitoring Act of 2001 and is being conducted in collaboration with the SWRCB and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). The Hard Rock study unit was the 35th study unit to be sampled as part of the GAMA-PBP. In the Hard Rock study unit, groundwater samples were collected from 112 wells and springs in 3 study areas (the Santa Cruz, the San Gabriel, and the Peninsular Ranges) in San Mateo, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, San Benito, Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, and San Diego Counties. Eighty-three wells and 11 springs were selected by using a spatially distributed, randomized grid-based method to provide statistical representation of the study unit (grid wells), and 15 wells and 3 springs were selected to aid in evaluation of water-quality issues (understanding wells). The groundwater samples were analyzed for field water-quality indicators; organic constituents; one constituent of special interest (perchlorate); naturally occurring inorganic constituents; and radioactive constituents. Naturally occurring isotopes and dissolved noble gases were also measured to help identify the sources and ages of the sampled groundwater. In total, 209 constituents and water-quality indicators were measured.

Guidelines for the Small Community Drought Relief Program

California Department of Water Resources (DWR) | September 20th, 2022

Heresy in ENSO teleconnections: Atmospheric rivers as disruptors of canonical seasonal precipitation anomalies in the Southwestern US

Springer Nature | February 7th, 2025

In spite of forecasts for anomalous dryness based on the canonical La Niña signal, Water Years 2011, 2017, and 2023 brought copious precipitation to California and the S

In spite of forecasts for anomalous dryness based on the canonical La Niña signal, Water Years 2011, 2017, and 2023 brought copious precipitation to California and the Southwestern United States (SWUS). Although El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the main source of seasonal precipitation predictability for the region, outstanding Atmospheric River (AR) activity produced the unexpected regional wetness in each of these heretical water years (WYs). We define heretical WYs as those that result in precipitation anomalies that oppose those expected based on ENSO canon. We assess the contribution of ARs and other storms to these WYs, finding that heretical La Niña/El Niño WYs were characterized by anomalously robust/deficient AR activity. In California, precipitation accumulation during the heretical La Niña WYs was comparable to or even exceeded that observed during the exceedingly wet WY1998—the textbook canonical El Niño year. Our findings indicate a weaker/stronger relationship between ENSO and AR/non-AR precipitation, primarily driven by storm frequency. Although ARs can disrupt the ENSO-precipitation signal, ENSO still influences the frequency of AR precipitation in the southwestern U.S. desert, the region influenced by ARs that make landfall in Baja California, Mexico. These results highlight the complexity of ENSO's impact on precipitation in the Western US and underscore the need for a nuanced understanding of ENSO’s influence on ARs to improve seasonal precipitation prediction.

Highlights Central Valley Flood Protection Plan 2022 Update

California Department of Water Resources (DWR) | January 23rd, 2023

The 2022 Central Valley Flood Protection Plan Update was adopted by the Central Valley Flood Protection Board on December 16th, 2022. Just days later, beginning on Decemb

The 2022 Central Valley Flood Protection Plan Update was adopted by the Central Valley Flood Protection Board on December 16th, 2022. Just days later, beginning on December 27th, 2022, a series of atmospheric rivers began to impact California. This succession of atmospheric rivers resulted in 34 trillion gallons of water falling across California in 24 days, and 21 forecast points in the Central Valley reaching flood or monitor stage. Governor Gavin Newsom declared a state of emergency on January 4th, 2023; federal emergency and disaster declarations followed soon thereafter. These events underscore the importance of the CVFPP as the State’s strategic blueprint for investment in flood risk reduction in the Central Valley, especially in an era of whiplash weather—from drought to flooding— driven by the impacts of climate change.