environmental justice

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Assessing Water Affordability
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Assessing Water Affordability
Pacific Institute | August 14, 2013...
Summary
A new pilot study in California shows many households, even within affluent communities, routinely spend over the affordability threshold of 2 percent of...
A new pilot study in California shows many households, even within affluent communities, routinely spend over the affordability threshold of 2 percent of their household income on their water bill. The number of water systems with “unaffordable” rates varies by region and measure used – which has important implications for policy makers.

Assessing Water Affordability: A Pilot Study in Two Regions of California, from the Pacific Institute in partnership with Community Water Center and Fresno State University, looks at both an urban and rural case: the Sacramento metropolitan area and the Tulare Lake Basin. In Sacramento, using the most common form of determining affordability – the annual water bill as a percent of median household income at the water system scale – few water systems appeared to suffer from unaffordable rates. In contrast, in the Tulare Lake Basin, 18 percent of systems had unaffordable rates. Using a more fine-grained measure based on household income levels reveals even higher levels of unaffordability in both regions.

In the Sacramento metropolitan region, measuring on a water-system-wide scale vs. a household scale means the difference between recognizing zero water systems with unaffordable rates vs. 100,000 households with unaffordable water rates. In the rural Tulare Lake Basin, measuring on these different scales means finding only nine out of 51 water systems with unaffordable rates vs. nearly 4000 households with unaffordable water rates – some 40% of the households in the study group.

“Water rate affordability is a central element to water access, and cost makes water excludable and inaccessible to those who cannot afford it,” said Dr. Juliet Christian-Smith of the Pacific Institute. “Water affordability is also a major concern to public welfare, safety, and security. When households are unable to make their water payments, consequences can include public health crises, social unrest, and lost revenue for water providers that can threaten their fiscal stability.”

The study’s results show that a significant number of areas within water systems have unaffordable rates, even if the system as a whole does not, and so it may be more important to consider household income rather than median income when assessing and addressing water affordability.

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California’s Climate Adaptation Water Strategy: An Analysis of Implications for Individual and Community Rights and Responsibilities
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California’s Climate Adaptation Water Strategy: An Analysis of Implications for Individual and Community Rights and Responsibilities
Department of Water Resources | July 31, 2009...
Summary
The inevitable consequences of climate change will put some of California's people and communities more at risk than others. Because of location and...
The inevitable consequences of climate change will put some of California's people and communities more at risk than others. Because of location and a limited capacity to adapt, vulnerable populations may face profound and disproportionate harm. California's Climate Adaptation Strategy planners are seeking ways to address this potential harm.

The California Adaptation Strategy (CAS) Working Groups are seeking to address the impact of climate change on the state’s vulnerable populations. This analysis therefore asks how California can create a policy environment for equitable adaptation processes and outcomes. This analysis begins with a literature review on equity issues in adaptation planning, then examines the Water Working Group’s draft climate adaptation strategies, and then presents the results of twenty-six expert interviews.

Two key concerns in the development of adaptation policy that arise in this analysis are feedback loops between vulnerable communities and policymakers and direct access to resources to enable greater adaptive capacity. While this analysis looks closest at the Water Working Group’s strategies, it is anticipated that many of the findings will apply to the overall strategy.

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California’s San Joaquin Valley: A Region in Transition
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California’s San Joaquin Valley: A Region in Transition
Congressional Research Service | December 12, 2005...
Summary
CRS was requested to undertake a study of the San Joaquin Valley (SJV) and a comparison with another U.S. region. The eight-county San...
CRS was requested to undertake a study of the San Joaquin Valley (SJV) and a comparison with another U.S. region. The eight-county San Joaquin Valley, part of California’s Central Valley, is home to 5 of the 10 most agriculturally productive counties in the United States. By a wide range of indicators, the SJV is also one of the most economically depressed regions of the United States.

This report analyzes the SJV’s counties and statistically documents the basis of current socioeconomic conditions. The report further explores the extent to which the SJV shares similarities with and differs from the Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC) area and a 68-county Central Appalachian subregion which contains some of the most economically distressed counties in Appalachia. The report also examines the role of federal expenditures in the cities and counties of the SJV.

During the past twenty-five years, population growth rates in the SJV were significantly higher than for California or the United States and their projected growth rates over the next 20 years are also significantly higher. In 2000, the SJV also had substantially higher rates of poverty than California or the United States.

Poverty rates were also significantly higher in the SJV than in the ARC region, although the rate is somewhat lower than that of the Central Appalachian subregion. Unemployment rates in the SJV were higher than in California or the United States and the ARC area. Per capita income and average family income were higher in the SJV than in Central Appalachia, but per capita income in the SJV was lower than in the ARC region as a whole. SJV households also had higher rates of public assistance income than did Central Appalachian households. Madera County ranked among the 10 lowest per capita income Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) in the United States in 2003, and the other 5 MSAs in the San Joaquin were all in the bottom 20% of all U.S. MSAs. Other indicators of social well-being discussed in the report showed that the SJV is a region of significant economic distress.

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Drought and Equity in California
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Drought and Equity in California
Pacific Institute | January 9, 2017...
Summary
Drought and Equity in California is the first statewide analysis of the impacts of the drought on California’s most vulnerable communities. This report...
Drought and Equity in California is the first statewide analysis of the impacts of the drought on California’s most vulnerable communities. This report provides information community groups can use to advocate for their own interests, as well as to inform policymakers and other decision-makers interested in crafting more effective drought response strategies, particularly to address the needs of the state’s most vulnerable communities.

The report finds that during the state’s ongoing drought, water shortages and price hikes affected access to safe, affordable water for Californians, with substantial impacts on low-income families and communities burdened with environmental pollution. The report also examines the effects of a rapidly declining salmon population on commercial and tribal fishermen and finds that the decline and variability of salmon populations during droughts has impacted those dependent on the fish for income, food, and cultural traditions.

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Drought and Equity in the San Francisco Bay Area
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Drought and Equity in the San Francisco Bay Area
Pacific Institute | June 29, 2016...
Summary
California’s ongoing drought has wide-reaching impacts, from how we grow crops to the price of electricity. Often overlooked is its impact on disadvantaged...
California’s ongoing drought has wide-reaching impacts, from how we grow crops to the price of electricity. Often overlooked is its impact on disadvantaged communities. The Pacific Institute and The Environmental Justice Coalition for Water (EJCW) conducted community-based participatory research with eight Bay Area community-based groups to explore and document the drought’s impacts on low-income people in the San Francisco Bay Area.

Through a series of collaborative meetings, surveys, and in-depth analyses of data, the group produced a groundbreaking report that sheds light on specific drought-related hardships faced by low-income residents and offers recommendations for mitigating those impacts.

“This report is the first examination of the drought’s impacts on low-income communities in the Bay Area,” says Colin Bailey, Executive Director of EJCW. “Contrary to the conventional wisdom, the report shows the same hardships that befall California’s more rural communities are present in urban areas as well. The report calls on decision makers to account for and address these inequities in our drought responses.”

The project team examined available data on drought impacts for the Bay Area, such as the number of households without water. The group identified affordability and water infrastructure conditions as key concerns for low-income communities, along with inequitable water use, whereby wealthier households typically use more water than lower income households. These are persistent concerns in many communities but have been exacerbated by the drought.

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Environmental Justice in California Government
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Environmental Justice in California Government
State of California | October 1, 2003...
Summary
In California, we have spent over a century and billions of dollars to preserve and protect the environment for current and future generations....
In California, we have spent over a century and billions of dollars to preserve and protect the environment for current and future generations. The EJ movement asks us to put real people in that environment, particularly the most vulnerable populations such as ethnic minorities, low-income persons, the young and the elderly. In a nutshell, EJ can be said to be the vision and process of creating socially just, sustainable human and ecological systems, where all participate fully in decisions affecting their lives.

The Governor’s Office of Planning & Research (OPR) assists the Governor and the Administration in land use planning, research, liaison with local government, small business advocacy, rural policy, and various interagency taskforces. 1999 legislation defined EJ in California law and also established OPR as the coordinating agency in state government for environmental justice (EJ) efforts. The placement of the central EJ program within OPR demonstrates the Legislature’s understanding that EJ efforts require coordination at the highest level of state government. Indeed, California is the only state that has placed its EJ effort within
the Chief Executive’s Office.

The legislation establishing OPR as the “coordinating agency in state government for environmental justice programs” (California Government Code § 65040.12) directs the OPR director to consult with state agencies and interested members of the public and private sectors in this state, coordinate its efforts and share information regarding EJ programs with federal agencies, and review and evaluate any information from federal agencies that is obtained as a result of their respective regulatory activities.

This policy report is intended to provide a brief history of EJ, report on the status of OPR's efforts, and provide an outline of EJ findings, goals and policies for future EJ efforts within state government. Much work remains to ensure that the most vulnerable of Californians, including people of color and low-income persons, are treated with dignity and respect regarding environmental decisions. OPR views its work thus far as a modest, although significant beginning.

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Environmental Justice in California State Government
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Environmental Justice in California State Government
Governor's Office of Planning and Research | November 5, 2003...
Summary
In California, we have spent over a century and billions of dollars to preserve and protect the environment for current and future generations....
In California, we have spent over a century and billions of dollars to preserve and protect the environment for current and future generations. The EJ movement asks us to put real people in that environment, particularly the most vulnerable populations such as ethnic minorities, low-income persons, the young and the elderly. In a nutshell, EJ can be said to be the vision and process of creating socially just, sustainable human and ecological systems, where all participate fully in decisions affecting their lives.

The Governor’s Office of Planning & Research (OPR) assists the Governor and the Administration in land use planning, research, liaison with local government, small business advocacy, rural policy, and various interagency taskforces. 1999 legislation defined EJ in California law and also established OPR as the coordinating agency in state government for environmental justice (EJ) efforts. The placement of the central EJ program within OPR demonstrates the Legislature’s understanding that EJ efforts require coordination at the highest level of state government. Indeed, California is the only state that has placed its EJ effort within the Chief Executive’s Office.

The legislation establishing OPR as the “coordinating agency in state government for environmental justice programs” (California Government Code § 65040.12) directs the OPR director to consult with state agencies and interested members of the public and private sectors in this state, coordinate its efforts and share information regarding EJ programs with federal agencies, and review and evaluate any information from federal agencies that is obtained as a result of their respective regulatory activities.

This policy report is intended to provide a brief history of EJ, report on the status of OPR's efforts, and provide an outline of EJ findings, goals and policies for future EJ efforts within state government. Much work remains to ensure that the most vulnerable of Californians, including people of color and low-income persons, are treated with dignity and respect regarding environmental decisions. OPR views its work thus far as a modest, although significant beginning.

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Environmental Justice Program Implementation for Lahontan Region
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Environmental Justice Program Implementation for Lahontan Region
Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board | January 30, 2015...
Summary
The Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board (Lahontan Water Board) reviewed how environmental justice (EJ) is conducted in the region and examined new...
The Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board (Lahontan Water Board) reviewed how environmental justice (EJ) is conducted in the region and examined new ways to improve our efforts to benefit the disadvantaged communities in our region. The challenges faced by disadvantaged communities (DACs) in the Lahontan region are unique and often different than other DACs in more urban regions. This report provides an assessment of existing efforts to help DACs and catalogs EJ concerns. In addition, the report includes recommendations to enhance DACs participation in the regulatory process, expand access to funding and technical assistance, and improve water quality and drinking water.

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Environmental Justice Program Update: 2013-2015
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Environmental Justice Program Update: 2013-2015
Cal EPA | May 10, 2016...
Summary
A report to the Governor and the Legislature on actions taken to implement Public Resources Code Sections 71110-71116 This report details the progress...
A report to the Governor and the Legislature on actions taken to implement Public Resources Code Sections 71110-71116

This report details the progress that the California Environmental Protection Agency (CalEPA) and its boards, departments, and office (BDOs) have made from summer 2013 to the end of 2015. By law, CalEPA is required to prepare a report to the Governor and Legislature every three years on the activities it has undertaken in achieving the objectives identified in the Intra-Agency Environmental Justice Strategy.

The first section of this report provides updates on significant environmental justice legislation passed in California since 2013. The second section of the report provides updates on CalEnviroScreen, the Environmental Justice Compliance and Enforcement Working Group, and the Environmental Justice Small Grant Program.

The third section describes the BDOs’ community partnership with the Identifying Violations Affecting Neighborhood (IVAN) tool. Finally, the fourth section provides an account of the environmental justice accomplishments and goals of the Agency’s BDOs.

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Human Costs of Nitrate-contaminated Drinking Water in the San Joaquin Valley
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Human Costs of Nitrate-contaminated Drinking Water in the San Joaquin Valley
Pacific Institute | March 1, 2011...
Summary
While most Californians take for granted that safe water is readily available at the turn of a tap, a growing number of communities,...
While most Californians take for granted that safe water is readily available at the turn of a tap, a growing number of communities, primarily in the San Joaquin Valley and other agricultural areas of the state, face very real impacts from nitrate contamination of the drinking water sources serving their homes and schools. New research led by the Pacific Institute, The Human Costs of Nitrate-Contaminated Drinking Water in the San Joaquin Valley, finds that nitrate contamination of groundwater has wide-reaching effects on California’s health, economic vitality, and environmental well being, disproportionately affecting low-income households and Spanish-speaking residents.

The analysis brings a stark reality check to the fore as the Central Valley Water Board considers a new regulatory program for irrigated lands, the primary source of nitrate contamination in the San Joaquin Valley. There have never been any regulatory requirements on irrigated agriculture to protect groundwater from fertilizers, which are the primary source of nitrate in the valley. Nitrate levels have increased dramatically in drinking water supplies over the last few decades.

The new study, The Human Costs of Nitrate-Contaminated Drinking Water in the San Joaquin Valley, a collaboration of the Pacific Institute, Community Water Center, Clean Water Fund, and California Rural Legal Assistance Foundation, focuses on the household costs of avoiding nitrate-contaminated drinking water connected to community water systems and the costs to these systems of removing or avoiding nitrates, and it points to key policies and further research needed to better understand and resolve this entrenched challenge.

The eight-county San Joaquin Valley has some of the most contaminated aquifers in the nation: 92 drinking water systems in the San Joaquin Valley had a well with nitrate levels above the legal limit from 2005-2008, potentially affecting the water quality of approximately 1.3 million residents. In addition to public water systems, the State Water Board sampled 181 domestic wells in Tulare County in 2006 and found that 40% of those tested had nitrate levels above the legal limit.

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Implementing Environmental Justice: The New Agenda for California State Agencies
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Implementing Environmental Justice: The New Agenda for California State Agencies
Golden Gate University Law Review | January 1, 2001...
Summary
On October 6, 1999, Governor Gray Davis signed SB 115, the first bill explicitly enacting an environmental justice policy into California's statutes. The...
On October 6, 1999, Governor Gray Davis signed SB 115, the first bill explicitly enacting an environmental justice policy into California's statutes. The bill defines "environmental justice" as: "the fair treatment of people of all races, cultures, and incomes with respect to the development, adoption, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies."

The environmental justice bills signed into law by Governor Davis generally refer to the term "environmental justice" as "fair treatment," but the application of this definition is not spelled out. Rather, the execution of the environmental justice definition is assigned to California's administrative agencies under a procedural scheme coordinated by OPR and implemented, in part, by Cal EPA.9 As always, the devil is in the details, and state agencies have begun to wrestle with the statutory mandate to achieve environmental justice.

The purpose of this article is to give an account of the commencement of this process and to highlight some of the issues presented to the Davis administration. Preliminarily, some background is required for context. The achievement of environmental justice does not start on a fresh slate. Federal statutes and federal executive initiatives impose separate legal requirements. These federal mandates both require actions by California state agencies and provide guidance on how to interpret the new California statutes. Thus, this article begins with an account of the legal and historical development of the concept of environmental justice.

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Long-term Monitoring of Pollutants in Fish and Mussels Documents Major Improvements and Persistent Problems

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Long-term Monitoring of Pollutants in Fish and Mussels Documents Major Improvements and Persistent Problems
California State Water Resources Control Board | December 1, 2007...
Summary
Of the 390 sites sampled between 1998 and 2003, 32 percent fell into the “low” contamination category. These sites were scattered throughout the...

Of the 390 sites sampled between 1998 and 2003, 32 percent fell into the “low” contamination category. These sites were scattered throughout the state, with a particular prevalence in the Sierra Nevada and the area north of San Diego. Unfortunately, the Delta region had relatively few sites with low concentration of pollutants. In general, PCB and DDT levels in fish and mussels across California have declined greatly since the 1970s, and many species have bounced back in response to the decline in DDT levels.

However, the report also found that present concentrations of pollutants in fish collected from many California water bodies are high enough to cause concern for possible effects on human health and to have a significant impact on the fishing beneficial use. The report found that fish in 68 percent of the water bodies sampled have “moderate to very high levels of mercury or persistent organics (such as PCBs and organochlorinated pesticides like DDT).” Consumption advisories exist for only a fraction of the water bodies likely to need them. Many water bodies with elevated contaminant levels in fish are near population centers and are popular for fishing. Furthermore, subsistence fishing is increasing, and consumption of contaminated fish is an environmental justice issue.

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Social Vulnerability to Climate Change in California
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Social Vulnerability to Climate Change in California
California Energy Commission | July 31, 2012...
Summary
The State of California faces a range of impacts from global climate change, including increases in extreme heat, wildfires, coastal flooding, and erosion....
The State of California faces a range of impacts from global climate change, including increases in extreme heat, wildfires, coastal flooding, and erosion. Changes are also likely to occur in air quality, water availability, and the spread of infectious diseases. To date, a great deal of research has been done to forecast the physical effects of climate change, while less attention has been given to the factors that make different populations more or less vulnerable to harm from such changes. While disaster events may not discriminate, impacts on human populations are shaped by intervening conditions that determine the human impact of the event and the specific needs for preparedness, response, and recovery.

In this study, the authors analyzed the potential impacts of climate change by using recent downscaled climate model outputs to create a variety of statistics and visualizations that show their distribution across the state. To understand how the population exposed to these impacts will be affected, social vulnerability – defined as the susceptibility of a given population to harm from exposure to a hazard, directly affecting its ability to prepare for, respond to, and recover, must be evaluated.

The researchers developed a new climate vulnerability index to indicate the social vulnerability of a region’s population to climate?related harm. The index combines 19 indicators into one overall climate vulnerability score and includes factors specifically related to climate impacts, such as air conditioner ownership, childhood obesity, percentage of tree cover, pre?term births, workers in outdoor occupations, and others.

The authors present a series of maps showing where social vulnerability to climate change is greatest, and where it intersects with the most severe projected climate change impacts. The most significant risk from climate change occurs where there are large groups of people exposed to a climate?related hazard and where there is high social vulnerability.

Understanding vulnerability factors and the populations that exhibit these factors are critical for crafting effective climate change policies and response strategies. They are also important to the emerging study of climate justice, which is the concept that no group of people should disproportionately bear the burden of climate impacts or the costs of mitigation and adaptation.

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Sustainable Development and Environmental Justice
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Sustainable Development and Environmental Justice
Department of Water Resources | September 7, 2004...
Summary
This chapter addresses the incorporation of environmental justice into the general plan. While environmental justice is not a mandatory topic in the general...
This chapter addresses the incorporation of environmental justice into the general plan.

While environmental justice is not a mandatory topic in the general plan, there is a strong case for its inclusion. Federal and state anti-discrimination statutes, which have a long history, apply to planning as they do to other policy areas.

As discussed below, environmental justice issues are often related to failures in land use planning. Planning policies that promote livable communities and smart growth can be tools for achieving environmental justice.

In keeping with that idea, this chapter begins with a discussion of sustainable development. Sustainable development provides a context for understanding how environmental justice fits into land use planning. This chapter concludes with a discussion of transit-oriented development, which has important implications for environmental justice and sustainable development.

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Sustainable Development and Environmental Justice
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Sustainable Development and Environmental Justice
Department of Water Resources | September 7, 2004...
Summary
This chapter addresses the incorporation of environmental justice into the general plan. While environmental justice is not a mandatory topic in the general...
This chapter addresses the incorporation of environmental justice into the general plan. While environmental justice is not a mandatory topic in the general plan, there is a strong case for its inclusion. Federal and state anti-discrimination statutes, which have a long history, apply to planning as they do to other policy areas.

As discussed below, environmental justice issues are often related to failures in land use planning. Planning policies that promote livable communities and smart growth can be tools for achieving environmental justice. In keeping with that idea, this chapter begins with a discussion of sustainable development. Sustainable development provides a context for understanding how environmental justice fits into land use planning. This chapter concludes with a discussion of transit-oriented development, which has important implications for environmental justice and sustainable development.

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The Human Right to Water
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The Human Right to Water
Pacific Institute | May 1, 2007...
Summary
More than a billion people lack access to safe drinking water. Two and a half billion people live without access to adequate sanitation...
More than a billion people lack access to safe drinking water. Two and a half billion people live without access to adequate sanitation systems necessary to reduce exposure to water-related diseases. The failure of the international aid community, nations, and local organizations to satisfy these basic human needs has led to substantial, unnecessary, and preventable human suffering. Tens of thousand of people, mostly young children and the elderly, die every day from water-related diseases.

In this analysis, Peter Gleick address three critical questions:

1. Is there a human right to water?

2. If there is a human right to water, what is the advantage and implications of acknowledging such a right?

3. What are the obligations of states, regional governments, organizations, and individuals in achieving these rights? […]

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U.S. Department of the Interior Environmental Justice Annual Implementation Report 2016

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U.S. Department of the Interior Environmental Justice Annual Implementation Report 2016
U.S. Department of the Interior | June 1, 2017...
Summary
In 1994, Executive Order 12898, Federal Actions to Address Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-income Populations, set forth the responsibility of Federal...

In 1994, Executive Order 12898, Federal Actions to Address Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-income Populations, set forth the responsibility of Federal agencies to “make achieving environmental justice part of their missions by identifying and addressing, as appropriate, disproportionately high and adverse human health or environmental effects of their programs, policies, and activities on minority populations and low-income populations in the United States and its territories and possessions, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and the Commonwealth of the Mariana Islands.”

In addition, the Executive Order called for the creation of the Federal Interagency Working Group on Environmental Justice (EJIWG). The EJIWG is comprised of the DOI and 16 other Federal agencies plus White House staff to fact find, receive public comments, and conduct inquiries concerning environmental justice. The roles of the EJIWG are to guide, support and enhance federal environmental justice and community-based activities. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is the convener of the EJIWG. The EJIWG has established committees to develop guidance and support the following topic areas: goods movement, civil rights, strategic planning and implementation, rural communities, regional committees, the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), and Native American peoples, and public participation.

During 2016, the DOI continued to work to incorporate the provisions of EO 12898 within the scope of its overall mission. The DOI also continued to be an active member in the EJ IWG and participates in its collaborative efforts to support healthy and economically viable minority, low- income, and tribal communities.

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Assessing Water Affordability

Assessing Water Affordability

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California’s Climate Adaptation Water Strategy: An Analysis of Implications for Individual and Community Rights and Responsibilities

California’s Climate Adaptation Water Strategy: An Analysis of Implications for Individual and Community Rights and Responsibilities

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California’s San Joaquin Valley: A Region in Transition

California’s San Joaquin Valley: A Region in Transition

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Drought and Equity in California

Drought and Equity in California

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Drought and Equity in the San Francisco Bay Area

Drought and Equity in the San Francisco Bay Area

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Environmental Justice in California Government

Environmental Justice in California Government

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Environmental Justice in California State Government

Environmental Justice in California State Government

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Environmental Justice Program Implementation for Lahontan Region

Environmental Justice Program Implementation for Lahontan Region

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Environmental Justice Program Update: 2013-2015

Environmental Justice Program Update: 2013-2015

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Human Costs of Nitrate-contaminated Drinking Water in the San Joaquin Valley

Human Costs of Nitrate-contaminated Drinking Water in the San Joaquin Valley

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Implementing Environmental Justice: The New Agenda for California State Agencies

Implementing Environmental Justice: The New Agenda for California State Agencies

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Long-term Monitoring of Pollutants in Fish and Mussels Documents Major Improvements and Persistent Problems

Long-term Monitoring of Pollutants in Fish and Mussels Documents Major Improvements and Persistent Problems

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Social Vulnerability to Climate Change in California

Social Vulnerability to Climate Change in California

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Sustainable Development and Environmental Justice

Sustainable Development and Environmental Justice

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Sustainable Development and Environmental Justice

Sustainable Development and Environmental Justice

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The Human Right to Water

The Human Right to Water

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U.S. Department of the Interior Environmental Justice Annual Implementation Report 2016

U.S. Department of the Interior Environmental Justice Annual Implementation Report 2016

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